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E2F1 依赖性途径参与了依诺肝素类似物 7-d 诱导的 p53 缺陷型 K562 细胞中的 DNA 损伤、G2/M 期阻滞和凋亡。

E2F1-dependent pathways are involved in amonafide analogue 7-d-induced DNA damage, G2/M arrest, and apoptosis in p53-deficient K562 cells.

机构信息

State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, #268, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, PR China.

出版信息

J Cell Biochem. 2012 Oct;113(10):3165-77. doi: 10.1002/jcb.24194.

Abstract

The E2F1 gene well known is its pivotal role in regulating the entry from G1 to S phase, while the salvage antitumoral pathway which implicates it, especially in the absence of p53, is not fully characterized. We therefore attempted to identify the up- and down-stream events involved in the activation of the E2F1-dependent pro-apoptotic pathway. For this purpose, a amonafide analogue, 7-d (2-(3-(2-(Dimethylamino)ethylamino)propyl)-6-(dodecylamino)-1H-benzo[de]isoquinoline-1,3(2H)-dione) was screened, which exhibited high antitumor activity against p53-deficient human Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) K562 cells. Analysis of flow cytometry and western blots of K562 cells treated with 7-d revealed an appreciable G2/M cycle arrest and apoptosis in a dose and time-dependent manner via p53-independent pathway. A striking increase in "Comet tail" formation and γ-H2AX expression showed that DNA double strand breaks (DSB) were caused by 7-d treatment. ATM/ATR signaling was reported to connect E2F1 induction with apoptosis in response to DNA damage. Indeed, 7-d-induced G2/M arrest and apoptosis were antagonized by ATM/ATR signaling inhibitor, Caffeine, which suggested that ATM/ATR signaling was activated by 7-d treatment. Furthermore, the increased expression of E2F1, p73, and Apaf-1 and p73 dissociation from HDM2 was induced by 7-d treatment, however, knockout of E2F1 expression reversed p73, Apaf-1, and p21(Cip1/WAF1) expression, reactivated cell cycle progression, and inhibited 7-d-induced apoptosis. Altogether our results for the first time indicate that 7-d mediates its growth inhibitory effects on CML p53-deficient cells via the activation of an E2F1-dependent mitochondrial and cell cycle checkpoint signaling pathway which subsequently targets p73, Apaf-1, and p21(Cip1/WAF1).

摘要

E2F1 基因以其在调控 G1 期到 S 期进入的关键作用而闻名,而涉及它的挽救抗肿瘤途径,特别是在没有 p53 的情况下,尚未完全表征。因此,我们试图确定激活 E2F1 依赖性促凋亡途径所涉及的上下游事件。为此,筛选了一种amonafide 类似物,7-d(2-(3-(2-(二甲氨基)乙基氨基)丙基)-6-(十二烷基氨基)-1H-苯并[de]异喹啉-1,3(2H)-二酮),该类似物对 p53 缺陷型人慢性髓性白血病(CML)K562 细胞表现出很高的抗肿瘤活性。用 7-d 处理 K562 细胞的流式细胞术和 Western blot 分析显示,通过 p53 非依赖性途径,以剂量和时间依赖性方式观察到明显的 G2/M 细胞周期阻滞和凋亡。明显增加的“彗星尾”形成和γ-H2AX 表达表明,7-d 处理导致 DNA 双链断裂(DSB)。据报道,ATM/ATR 信号将 E2F1 诱导与 DNA 损伤反应中的细胞凋亡联系起来。事实上,7-d 诱导的 G2/M 阻滞和凋亡被 ATM/ATR 信号抑制剂咖啡因拮抗,这表明 ATM/ATR 信号被 7-d 处理激活。此外,7-d 处理诱导 E2F1、p73 和 Apaf-1 的表达增加,以及 p73 与 HDM2 的解离,然而,E2F1 表达的敲除逆转了 p73、Apaf-1 和 p21(Cip1/WAF1)的表达,重新激活了细胞周期进程,并抑制了 7-d 诱导的细胞凋亡。总的来说,我们的研究结果首次表明,7-d 通过激活 E2F1 依赖性线粒体和细胞周期检查点信号通路,对 CML p53 缺陷细胞发挥其生长抑制作用,随后靶向 p73、Apaf-1 和 p21(Cip1/WAF1)。

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