Noninvasive evaluation for congenital arteriovenous fistulas and malformations.

Although relatively rare, congenital arteriovenous fistulas and other vascular anomalies present a diagnostic challenge to the clinician. The same noninvasive tests that are used for diagnosing arterial occlusive disease in the extremities will also detect arteriovenous fistulas. These tests include segmental limb pressure measurements, segmental plethysmography, and arterial waveform analysis. Additionally, magnetic resonance imaging can be used to determine the extent of these vascular anomalies and the involvement of muscle skin and bone, all of which have a direct bearing on resectability. This article will examine these diagnostic modalities and explain how they can be used in this setting.