Hess O M
Departement für Innere Medizin, Universitätsspital Zürich.
Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1990 Dec 8;120(49):1833-7.
Chronic heart failure is characterized by the inability of the heart to pump the blood at a rate commensurate with the requirements of the peripheral organs at rest and under exercise conditions. The most common cause of heart failure is coronary artery disease, followed by hypertensive, valvular and myocardial heart disease. Different forms of chronic heart failure have been described (acute and chronic heart failure, forward and backward failure, right and left heart failure, systolic pump and diastolic compliance failure, etc.). The compensatory mechanisms in heart failure are related to hemodynamic and structural as well as metabolic and neurohumoral changes. Prognosis of chronic heart failure is usually poor and the annual mortality rate ranges between 20 and 50% depending on the degree of functional impairment.
慢性心力衰竭的特征是心脏无法以与外周器官在静息和运动状态下的需求相称的速率泵血。心力衰竭最常见的原因是冠状动脉疾病，其次是高血压、瓣膜性和心肌性心脏病。已经描述了不同形式的慢性心力衰竭（急性和慢性心力衰竭、前向和后向心力衰竭、右心和左心心力衰竭、收缩期泵功能衰竭和舒张期顺应性衰竭等）。心力衰竭中的代偿机制与血流动力学、结构以及代谢和神经体液变化有关。慢性心力衰竭的预后通常较差，根据功能损害程度，年死亡率在20%至50%之间。
