Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92834, USA.
J Fish Biol. 2012 Jun;80(7):2494-516. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03302.x. Epub 2012 May 2.
Maximum sustained swimming speeds, swimming energetics and swimming kinematics were measured in the green jack Caranx caballus (Teleostei: Carangidae) using a 41 l temperature-controlled, Brett-type swimming-tunnel respirometer. In individual C. caballus [mean ±s.d. of 22·1 ± 2·2 cm fork length (L(F) ), 190 ± 61 g, n = 11] at 27·2 ± 0·7° C, mean critical speed (U(crit)) was 102·5 ± 13·7 cm s⁻¹ or 4·6 ± 0·9 L(F) s⁻¹. The maximum speed that was maintained for a 30 min period while swimming steadily using the slow, oxidative locomotor muscle (U(max,c)) was 99·4 ± 14·4 cm s⁻¹ or 4·5 ± 0·9 L(F) s⁻¹. Oxygen consumption rate (M in mg O₂ min⁻¹) increased with swimming speed and with fish mass, but mass-specific M (mg O₂ kg⁻¹ h⁻¹) as a function of relative speed (L(F) s⁻¹) did not vary significantly with fish size. Mean standard metabolic rate (R(S) ) was 170 ± 38 mg O₂ kg⁻¹ h⁻¹, and the mean ratio of M at U(max,c) to R(S) , an estimate of factorial aerobic scope, was 3·6 ± 1·0. The optimal speed (U(opt) ), at which the gross cost of transport was a minimum of 2·14 J kg⁻¹ m⁻¹, was 3·8 L(F) s⁻¹. In a subset of the fish studied (19·7-22·7 cm L(F) , 106-164 g, n = 5), the swimming kinematic variables of tailbeat frequency, yaw and stride length all increased significantly with swimming speed but not fish size, whereas tailbeat amplitude varied significantly with speed, fish mass and L(F) . The mean propulsive wavelength was 86·7 ± 5·6 %L(F) or 73·7 ± 5·2 %L(T) . Mean ±s.d. yaw and tailbeat amplitude values, calculated from lateral displacement of each intervertebral joint during a complete tailbeat cycle in three C. caballus (19·7, 21·6 and 22·7 cm L(F) ; 23·4, 25·3 and 26·4 cm L(T) ), were 4·6 ± 0·1 and 17·1 ± 2·2 %L(T) , respectively. Overall, the sustained swimming performance, energetics, kinematics, lateral displacement and intervertebral bending angles measured in C. caballus were similar to those of other active ectothermic fishes that have been studied, and C. caballus was more similar to the chub mackerel Scomber japonicus than to the kawakawa tuna Euthynnus affinis.
在 27.2°C ± 0.7°C 的条件下，使用 41 升温控布雷特型游泳隧道式呼吸测量仪，对绿鳍马面鲀（硬骨鱼纲：鲹科）的最大持续游泳速度、游泳能量学和游泳运动学进行了测量。在 22.1 ± 2.2 厘米叉长（L(F)）、190 ± 61 克、n = 11 的个体中，平均临界速度（U(crit)）为 102.5 ± 13.7 厘米/秒或 4.6 ± 0.9 L(F) 秒⁻¹。以缓慢、氧化的运动肌肉维持 30 分钟稳定游泳的最大速度（U(max,c)）为 99.4 ± 14.4 厘米/秒或 4.5 ± 0.9 L(F) 秒⁻¹。耗氧量（M 以毫克 O₂ 分钟⁻¹ 表示）随游泳速度和鱼体质量而增加，但以相对速度（L(F) 秒⁻¹）表示的单位质量耗氧量（mg O₂ kg⁻¹ h⁻¹）与鱼体大小无显著差异。平均标准代谢率（R(S)）为 170 ± 38 毫克 O₂ 千克⁻¹ 小时⁻¹，最大游泳速度（U(max,c)）时耗氧量（M）与 R(S)的比值（估计的有氧范围因子）为 3.6 ± 1.0。总运输成本最小为 2.14 J 千克⁻¹ m⁻¹ 的最佳速度（U(opt)）为 3.8 L(F) 秒⁻¹。在研究的鱼类亚组（19.7-22.7 厘米 L(F)、106-164 克、n = 5）中，尾拍频率、偏航和步幅长度的游泳运动学变量均随游泳速度显著增加，但与鱼体大小无关，而尾拍幅度随速度、鱼体质量和 L(F)变化显著。平均推进波长为 86.7 ± 5.6 %L(F)或 73.7 ± 5.2 %L(T)。在 3 条绿鳍马面鲀（19.7、21.6 和 22.7 厘米 L(F)；23.4、25.3 和 26.4 厘米 L(T)）的完整尾拍周期中，每个椎间关节侧向位移计算得到的平均±标准差偏航和尾拍幅度值分别为 4.6 ± 0.1 和 17.1 ± 2.2 %L(T)。总体而言，绿鳍马面鲀的持续游泳性能、能量学、运动学、侧向位移和椎间关节弯曲角度与其他已研究的活跃变温鱼类相似，且绿鳍马面鲀与竹荚鱼（Scomber japonicus）更为相似，而与黄鳍金枪鱼（Euthynnus affinis）不同。
