Vieira Maria de Fátima A, Matijasevich Alicia, Damiani Magda F, Madruga Samanta W, Neutzling Marilda B, Menezes Ana M B, Araújo Cora L, Hallal Pedro C
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição e Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2012 Apr;31(4):303-9. doi: 10.1590/s1020-49892012000400006.
To evaluate the occurrence of grade retention until 11 years of age and the factors associated with retention.
This prospective study included 4 452 adolescents from the 1993 city of Pelotas birth cohort (state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). This sample represents 87.5% of the original cohort. Grade retention was defined as the repetition of at least one school grade until the date of the interview. The following independent variables were analyzed: sex, skin color, birth weight, ownership of goods, age, maternal schooling, type of school (private, state, or city), age at school entry, and employment.
The overall frequency of grade retention was 36.3%, vs. 42.8% for boys and 30.0% for girls. The adjusted analysis showed that the lower the level of maternal schooling, ownership of goods, and birth weight, the higher the risk of grade retention for both boys and girls. Black/brown adolescents, those studying in public schools, and those who were 7 years of age or older at school entry had a higher risk of grade retention. For boys, childhood labor was associated with grade retention.
Low socioeconomic and low maternal schooling levels were the factors most strongly associated with grade retention. Strategies to reduce this situation must take into account demographic and socioeconomic characteristics.
评估11岁前留级情况及其相关因素。
这项前瞻性研究纳入了来自1993年佩洛塔斯市出生队列（巴西南里奥格兰德州）的4452名青少年。该样本占原始队列的87.5%。留级定义为在访谈日期前至少留级一次。分析了以下自变量：性别、肤色、出生体重、家庭财产、年龄、母亲受教育程度、学校类型（私立、公立或市立）、入学年龄和就业情况。
总体留级率为36.3%，男孩为42.8%，女孩为30.0%。校正分析表明，母亲受教育程度、家庭财产水平和出生体重越低，男孩和女孩留级风险越高。黑人/棕色青少年、就读于公立学校的青少年以及入学年龄在7岁及以上的青少年留级风险较高。对于男孩，童工与留级有关。
社会经济地位低和母亲受教育程度低是与留级最密切相关的因素。减少这种情况的策略必须考虑人口和社会经济特征。
