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真菌中新剪接体内含子的产生是通过内含子样元件的倍增。

Birth of new spliceosomal introns in fungi by multiplication of introner-like elements.

机构信息

Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.

出版信息

Curr Biol. 2012 Jul 10;22(13):1260-5. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.05.011. Epub 2012 May 31.

Abstract

Spliceosomal introns are noncoding sequences that separate exons in eukaryotic genes and are removed from pre-messenger RNAs by the splicing machinery. Their origin has remained a mystery in biology since their discovery because intron gains seem to be infrequent in many eukaryotic lineages. Although a few recent intron gains have been reported, none of the proposed gain mechanisms can convincingly explain the high number of introns in present-day eukaryotic genomes. Here we report on particular spliceosomal introns that share high sequence similarity and are reminiscent of introner elements. These elements multiplied in unrelated genes of six fungal genomes and account for the vast majority of intron gains in these fungal species. Such introner-like elements (ILEs) contain all typical characteristics of regular spliceosomal introns (RSIs) but are longer and predicted to harbor more stable secondary structures. However, dating of multiplication events showed that they degenerate in sequence and length within 100,000 years to eventually become indistinguishable from RSIs. We suggest that ILEs not only account for intron gains in six fungi but also in ancestral eukaryotes to give rise to most RSIs by a yet unknown multiplication mechanism.

摘要

剪接体内含子是非编码序列,它们将真核基因中的外显子分隔开,并通过剪接机制从前信使 RNA 中去除。自从它们被发现以来,它们的起源在生物学中一直是个谜,因为在许多真核生物谱系中,内含子的获得似乎并不常见。尽管最近有报道称发生了一些内含子的获得,但没有一种提出的获得机制能令人信服地解释当今真核生物基因组中大量内含子的存在。在这里,我们报告了一些特殊的剪接体内含子,它们具有高度的序列相似性,让人联想到内含子元件。这些元件在六个真菌基因组的不相关基因中大量增殖,占这些真菌物种中绝大多数内含子获得的原因。这种内含子样元件(ILEs)包含了所有常规剪接体内含子(RSIs)的典型特征,但更长,并预测具有更稳定的二级结构。然而,倍增事件的年代测定表明,它们在 10 万年内序列和长度逐渐退化,最终变得与 RSIs 无法区分。我们认为,ILEs 不仅解释了六个真菌中的内含子获得,也解释了祖先真核生物中大多数 RSIs 的产生,其倍增机制尚不清楚。

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