The International Centre for Olympic Studies, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
J Sports Sci. 2012;30(11):1117-29. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2012.692480. Epub 2012 Jun 11.
Sport celebrates differences in competitors that lead to the often razor-thin margins between victory and defeat. The source of this variation is the interaction between the environment in which the athletes develop and compete and their genetic make-up. However, a darker side of sports may also be genetically influenced: some anti-doping tests are affected by the athlete's genotype. Genetic variation is an issue that anti-doping authorities must address as more is learned about the interaction between genotype and the responses to prohibited practices. To differentiate between naturally occurring deviations in indirect blood and urine markers from those potentially caused by doping, the "biological-passport" program uses intra-individual variability rather than population values to establish an athlete's expected physiological range. The next step in "personalized" doping control may be the inclusion of genetic data, both for the purposes of documenting an athlete's responses to doping agents and doping-control assays as well facilitating athlete and sample identification. Such applications could benefit "clean" athletes but will come at the expense of risks to privacy. This article reviews the instances where genetics has intersected with doping control, and briefly discusses the potential role, and ethical implications, of genotyping in the struggle to eliminate illicit ergogenic practices.
体育赛事颂扬运动员之间的差异，这些差异往往导致胜利与失败之间的差距非常小。这种差异的根源在于运动员成长和竞争的环境与其基因构成之间的相互作用。然而，体育运动也可能受到遗传因素的负面影响：一些反兴奋剂测试受到运动员基因型的影响。随着人们对基因型与违禁行为反应之间的相互作用了解得更多，反兴奋剂当局必须解决基因多样性的问题。为了区分间接血液和尿液标志物中自然发生的偏差与可能由兴奋剂引起的偏差，“生物护照”计划使用个体内变异性而不是群体值来确定运动员的预期生理范围。“个性化”兴奋剂控制的下一步可能是包括遗传数据，这既是为了记录运动员对兴奋剂和兴奋剂检测的反应，也是为了促进运动员和样本的识别。这些应用可能会使“干净”的运动员受益，但将以牺牲隐私风险为代价。本文回顾了遗传学与兴奋剂控制交叉的情况，并简要讨论了基因分型在消除非法兴奋剂实践的斗争中的潜在作用和伦理影响。
