Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Avenue Suite 265, Berkeley CA 94720, USA.
Environ Res. 2012 Aug;117:8-16. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2012.05.005. Epub 2012 Jun 8.
Organophosphate pesticides are widely used and recent studies suggest associations of in utero exposures with adverse birth outcomes and neurodevelopment. Few studies have characterized organophosphate pesticides in human plasma or established how these levels correlate to urinary measurements. We measured organophosphate pesticide metabolites in maternal urine and chlorpyrifos and diazinon in maternal and cord plasma of subjects living in an agricultural area to compare levels in two different biological matrices. We also determined paraoxonase 1 (PON1) genotypes (PON1(192) and PON1(-108)) and PON1 substrate-specific activities in mothers and their newborns to examine whether PON1 may affect organophosphate pesticide measurements in blood and urine. Chlorpyrifos levels in plasma ranged from 0-1,726 ng/mL and non-zero levels were measured in 70.5% and 87.5% of maternal and cord samples, respectively. Diazinon levels were lower (0-0.5 ng/mL); non-zero levels were found in 33.3% of maternal plasma and 47.3% of cord plasma. Significant associations between organophosphate pesticide levels in blood and metabolite levels in urine were limited to models adjusting for PON1 levels. Increased maternal PON1 levels were associated with decreased odds of chlorpyrifos and diazinon detection (odds ratio(OR): 0.56 and 0.75, respectively). Blood organophosphate pesticide levels of study participants were similar in mothers and newborns and slightly higher than those reported in other populations. However, compared to their mothers, newborns have much lower quantities of the detoxifying PON1 enzyme suggesting that infants may be especially vulnerable to organophosphate pesticide exposures.
有机磷农药被广泛使用，最近的研究表明，孕妇接触有机磷农药与不良出生结局和神经发育有关。很少有研究描述过人体血浆中的有机磷农药，也没有建立这些水平与尿液测量值之间的关系。我们测量了生活在农业区的研究对象的母尿和母血、脐血中的有机磷农药代谢物以及氯吡硫磷和二嗪农，以比较两种不同生物基质中的水平。我们还测定了母亲及其新生儿的对氧磷酶 1（PON1）基因型（PON1(192)和 PON1(-108)）和 PON1 底物特异性活性，以研究 PON1 是否会影响血液和尿液中的有机磷农药测量值。血浆中氯吡硫磷的浓度范围为 0-1726ng/ml，母血和脐血样本的非零浓度分别为 70.5%和 87.5%。二嗪农的浓度较低（0-0.5ng/ml），母血和脐血样本中分别有 33.3%和 47.3%的样本检测到非零浓度。血液中有机磷农药水平与尿液中代谢物水平之间的显著关联仅限于调整 PON1 水平的模型。母体 PON1 水平升高与氯吡硫磷和二嗪农检出的几率降低有关（比值比（OR）：0.56 和 0.75）。研究参与者的血液有机磷农药水平与其他人群报告的水平相似，略高于其他人群。然而，与母亲相比，新生儿体内解毒酶 PON1 的含量要低得多，这表明婴儿可能特别容易受到有机磷农药的暴露。
