Department of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
Psychol Addict Behav. 2013 Mar;27(1):243-8. doi: 10.1037/a0028745. Epub 2012 Jun 11.
Both the cue reactivity and startle reflex modulation paradigms have been used in addiction research to investigate the motivational mechanism of craving. However, while there is a growing body of literature that indicates the utility of 3D technology in addiction-relevant cue reactivity research, no study has been reported on its utility using the startle reflex modulation paradigm. The aim of the present study was to extend the 3D technology to research on tobacco craving using the startle reflex methodology. Participants were 32 university students who smoked more than 10 cigarettes daily. They participated in a psychophysiological testing to assess the modulation of the startle reflex induced by viewing pleasant, unpleasant, and tobacco-related 3D immersive environment stimuli (3D-IEs). Results confirmed that 3D-IEs were effective in inducing emotional states to modulate the startle response. Pleasant and unpleasant 3D-IEs modulated the startle response, as expected: The reflex was increased while viewing unpleasant stimuli and decreased while viewing pleasant ones. Tobacco-related 3D-IEs were similar to unpleasant stimuli in increasing the startle response. However, they were subjectively evaluated as positive, which suggests that the mechanism underlying craving coactivates both aversive and appetitive motivational tendencies.
线索反应和惊吓反射调制范式都已被用于成瘾研究，以研究渴望的动机机制。然而，虽然有越来越多的文献表明 3D 技术在成瘾相关线索反应研究中的效用，但没有研究报告其在使用惊吓反射调制范式方面的效用。本研究旨在将 3D 技术扩展到使用惊吓反射方法研究烟草渴望。参与者是 32 名每天吸烟超过 10 支的大学生。他们参加了一项生理心理学测试，以评估观看愉快、不愉快和与烟草相关的 3D 沉浸式环境刺激（3D-IE）时惊吓反射的调制。结果证实，3D-IE 可有效诱发情绪状态，从而调节惊吓反应。如预期的那样，愉快和不愉快的 3D-IE 调节了惊吓反应：观看不愉快刺激时反应增加，观看愉快刺激时反应减少。与烟草相关的 3D-IE 与不愉快刺激一样，增加了惊吓反应。然而，它们在主观上被评估为积极的，这表明渴望的机制同时激活了厌恶和渴望的动机倾向。
