James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Postgrad Med. 2012 May;124(3):28-36. doi: 10.3810/pgm.2012.05.2545.
The majority of patients with bladder cancer will be diagnosed following an episode of hematuria. With few exceptions, these patients should be referred for a complete urologic evaluation, including a history and physical examination, flexible cystoscopy, imaging of the upper urinary tract, and optional urine cytology. Those found to have a bladder tumor should undergo transurethral resection for the combined purposes of initial staging and treatment. Delays in diagnosing invasive bladder cancer are associated with adverse outcomes. In this review, we cover the diagnosis and management of bladder cancer. In addition, we discuss ways to improve outcomes through increased public awareness, improvements in tumor detection, accurate staging, and regimented patient surveillance.
大多数膀胱癌患者将在血尿发作后被诊断出来。除了少数例外，这些患者都应接受全面的泌尿科评估，包括病史和体检、软性膀胱镜检查、上尿路影像学检查，以及可选的尿液细胞学检查。那些发现有膀胱肿瘤的患者应接受经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术，以达到初步分期和治疗的双重目的。诊断浸润性膀胱癌的延迟与不良结果有关。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了膀胱癌的诊断和治疗。此外，我们还讨论了通过提高公众意识、改进肿瘤检测、准确分期和规范患者监测来改善结果的方法。
