Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany.
Vet Pathol. 2013 Jan;50(1):122-43. doi: 10.1177/0300985812450719. Epub 2012 Jun 12.
In the central nervous system (CNS) of domestic animals, numerous specialized normal structures, unusual cell types, findings of uncertain or no significance, artifacts, and various postmortem alterations can be observed. They may cause confusion for inexperienced pathologists and those not specialized in neuropathology, leading to misinterpretations and wrong diagnoses. Alternatively, changes may mask underlying neuropathological processes. "Specialized structures" comprising the hippocampus and the circumventricular organs, including the vascular organ of the lamina terminalis, subfornical organ, subcommissural organ, pineal gland, median eminence/neurohypophyseal complex, choroid plexus, and area postrema, are displayed. Unusual cell types, including cerebellar external germinal cells, CNS progenitor cells, and Kolmer cells, are presented. In addition, some newly recognized cell types as of yet incompletely understood significance and functionality, such as synantocytes and aldynoglia, are introduced and described. Unusual reactive astrocytes in cats, central chromatolysis, neuronal vacuolation, spheroids, spongiosis, satellitosis, melanosis, neuromelanin, lipofuscin, polyglucosan bodies, and psammoma bodies may represent incidental findings of uncertain or no significance and should not be confused with significant microscopic changes. Auto- and heterolysis as well as handling and histotechnological processing may cause postmortem morphological changes of the CNS, including vacuolization, cerebellar conglutination, dark neurons, Buscaino bodies, freezing, and shrinkage artifacts, all of which have to be differentiated from genuine lesions. Postmortem invasion of micro-organisms should not be confused with intravital infections. Awareness of these different changes and their recognition are a prerequisite for identifying genuine lesions and may help to formulate a professional morphological and etiological diagnosis.
在家畜的中枢神经系统 (CNS) 中，可以观察到许多专门的正常结构、不寻常的细胞类型、不确定或无意义的发现、人工制品和各种死后改变。它们可能会给经验不足的病理学家和非神经病理学专业人员造成混淆，导致误解和错误诊断。或者，这些变化可能会掩盖潜在的神经病理学过程。展示了包括海马体和室周器官（包括终板血管器官、下丘器官、下连合器官、松果体、正中隆起/神经垂体复合体、脉络丛和后极区）在内的“专门结构”。介绍了包括小脑外生殖细胞、中枢神经系统祖细胞和 Kolmer 细胞在内的不寻常细胞类型。此外，还介绍和描述了一些新认识的、尚未完全了解其意义和功能的细胞类型，如 synantocytes 和 aldynoglia。猫的不寻常反应性星形胶质细胞、中央染色质溶解、神经元空泡化、球体、海绵状变性、卫星现象、黑色素沉着、神经黑色素、脂褐素、多聚糖体和砂粒体可能代表不确定或无意义的偶然发现，不应与有意义的显微镜下变化混淆。自溶和异溶以及处理和组织技术处理可能导致中枢神经系统的死后形态变化，包括空泡化、小脑粘连、暗神经元、Buscaino 体、冷冻和收缩人工制品，所有这些都必须与真正的病变区分开来。死后微生物的入侵不应与活体感染混淆。了解这些不同的变化及其识别是识别真正病变的前提条件，并且可能有助于制定专业的形态学和病因学诊断。
