Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services, Washington DC, USA.
J Urban Health. 2013 Feb;90(1):157-66. doi: 10.1007/s11524-012-9687-5.
Washington, DC has among the highest HIV/AIDS rates in the US. Gender differences among injection drug users (IDUs) may be associated with adoption of prevention opportunities including needle exchange programs, HIV testing, psychosocial support, and prevention programming. National HIV Behavioral Surveillance data on current IDUs aged ≥18 were collected from 8/09 to 11/09 via respondent-driven sampling in Washington, DC. HIV status was assessed using oral OraQuick with Western Blot confirmation. Weighted estimates were derived using RDSAT. Stata was used to characterize the sample and differences between male and female IDU, using uni-, bi-, and multivariable methods. Factors associated with HIV risk differed between men and women. Men were more likely than women to have had a history of incarceration (86.6 % vs. 66.8 %, p < 0.01). Women were more likely than men to have depressive symptoms (73.9 % vs. 47.4 %, p < 0.01), to have been physically or emotionally abused (66.1 % vs. 16.1 %, p < 0.0001), to report childhood sexual abuse (42.7 % vs. 4.7 %, p < 0.0001), and pressured or forced to have sex (62.8 % vs. 4.0 %, p < 0.0001); each of these differences was significant in the multivariable analysis. Despite a decreasing HIV/AIDS epidemic among IDU, there remain significant gender differences with women experiencing multiple threats to psychosocial health, which may in turn affect HIV testing, access, care, and drug use. Diverging needs by gender are critical to consider when implementing HIV prevention strategies.
华盛顿特区的艾滋病毒/艾滋病发病率居美国之首。注射吸毒者（IDU）中的性别差异可能与预防机会的采用有关，包括针具交换计划、艾滋病毒检测、心理社会支持和预防规划。2009 年 8 月至 11 月，通过华盛顿特区的受访者驱动抽样，收集了年龄≥18 岁的当前 IDU 的国家艾滋病毒行为监测数据。使用 Oral OraQuick 进行艾滋病毒检测，Western Blot 进行确认。使用 RDSAT 得出加权估计数。使用 Stata 对样本进行描述，并使用单变量、双变量和多变量方法描述男性和女性 IDU 之间的差异。与艾滋病毒风险相关的因素在男性和女性之间存在差异。与女性相比，男性更有可能有入狱史（86.6%比 66.8%，p<0.01）。与男性相比，女性更有可能出现抑郁症状（73.9%比 47.4%，p<0.01），遭受身体或情感虐待（66.1%比 16.1%，p<0.0001），报告童年性虐待（42.7%比 4.7%，p<0.0001），以及受到性压力或被迫发生性行为（62.8%比 4.0%，p<0.0001）；这些差异在多变量分析中均具有统计学意义。尽管 IDU 中的艾滋病毒/艾滋病流行呈下降趋势，但女性仍面临着心理健康受到多种威胁的重大性别差异，这反过来可能影响艾滋病毒检测、获得、护理和药物使用。在实施艾滋病毒预防策略时，需要考虑到按性别划分的不同需求。
