Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
Expert Rev Vaccines. 2012 May;11(5):547-60. doi: 10.1586/erv.12.25.
In recent years with the threat of pandemic influenza and other public health needs, alternative vaccination methods other than intramuscular immunization have received great attention. The skin and mucosal surfaces are attractive sites probably because of both noninvasive access to the vaccine delivery and unique immunological responses. Intradermal vaccines using a microinjection system (BD Soluvia(TM)) and intranasal vaccines (FluMist®) are licensed. As a new vaccination method, solid microneedles have been developed using a simple device that may be suitable for self-administration. Because coated microneedle influenza vaccines are administered in the solid state, developing formulations maintaining the stability of influenza vaccines is an important issue to be considered. Marketable microneedle devices and clinical trials remain to be developed. Other alternative mucosal routes such as oral and intranasal delivery systems are also attractive for inducing cross-protective mucosal immunity, but effective non-live mucosal vaccines remain to be developed.
近年来，随着大流行性流感的威胁和其他公共卫生需求，除肌肉内免疫接种以外的替代疫苗接种方法受到了极大关注。皮肤和黏膜表面是很有吸引力的部位，这可能是因为疫苗能够非侵入性地递送到这些部位，并且能引起独特的免疫反应。使用微注射系统（BD Soluvia(TM)）的皮内疫苗和鼻内疫苗（FluMist®）已获得许可。作为一种新的疫苗接种方法，已经开发了使用简单装置的固体型微针，这种装置可能适合自我给药。由于涂覆微针流感疫苗以固体状态给药，因此开发保持流感疫苗稳定性的制剂是需要考虑的重要问题。可销售的微针装置和临床试验仍有待开发。其他替代黏膜途径，如口服和鼻内递药系统，也很适合诱导交叉保护黏膜免疫，但仍需要开发有效的非活黏膜疫苗。
