USDA-ARS, Northwest Irrigation and Soils Research Lab, Kimberly, ID, USA.
J Environ Qual. 2012 Jul-Aug;41(4):1033-43. doi: 10.2134/jeq2011.0126.
Carbon-rich biochar derived from the pyrolysis of biomass can sequester atmospheric CO, mitigate climate change, and potentially increase crop productivity. However, research is needed to confirm the suitability and sustainability of biochar application to different soils. To an irrigated calcareous soil, we applied stockpiled dairy manure (42 Mg ha dry wt) and hardwood-derived biochar (22.4 Mg ha), singly and in combination with manure, along with a control, yielding four treatments. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied when needed (based on preseason soil test N and crop requirements) in all plots and years, with N mineralized from added manure included in this determination. Available soil nutrients (NH-N; NO-N; Olsen P; and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-extractable K, Mg, Na, Cu, Mn, Zn, and Fe), total C (TC), total N (TN), total organic C (TOC), and pH were evaluated annually, and silage corn nutrient concentration, yield, and uptake were measured over two growing seasons. Biochar treatment resulted in a 1.5-fold increase in available soil Mn and a 1.4-fold increase in TC and TOC, whereas manure produced a 1.2- to 1.7-fold increase in available nutrients (except Fe), compared with controls. In 2009 biochar increased corn silage B concentration but produced no yield increase; in 2010 biochar decreased corn silage TN (33%), S (7%) concentrations, and yield (36%) relative to controls. Manure produced a 1.3-fold increase in corn silage Cu, Mn, S, Mg, K, and TN concentrations and yield compared with the control in 2010. The combined biochar-manure effects were not synergistic except in the case of available soil Mn. In these calcareous soils, biochar did not alter pH or availability of P and cations, as is typically observed for acidic soils. If the second year results are representative, they suggest that biochar applications to calcareous soils may lead to reduced N availability, requiring additional soil N inputs to maintain yield targets.
富碳生物炭源于生物质热解，可以封存大气中的 CO，缓解气候变化，并有可能提高作物生产力。然而，需要研究来确认生物炭应用于不同土壤的适宜性和可持续性。我们在一个灌溉的石灰性土壤上，单独或与粪肥一起应用了储存的奶牛粪肥（42 Mg ha 干重）和硬木衍生的生物炭（22.4 Mg ha），以及一个对照，共四个处理。所有地块和年份都根据 preseason 土壤测试 N 和作物需求需要时施用氮肥，并且包括添加的粪肥中矿化的 N 都包含在这个测定中。每年评估可用土壤养分（NH-N；NO-N；Olsen P；和二乙三胺五乙酸提取的 K、Mg、Na、Cu、Mn、Zn 和 Fe）、总 C（TC）、总 N（TN）、总有机 C（TOC）和 pH，并在两个生长季节测量青贮玉米的养分浓度、产量和吸收量。生物炭处理使可用土壤 Mn 增加了 1.5 倍，TC 和 TOC 增加了 1.4 倍，而粪肥使可用养分（除 Fe 外）增加了 1.2-1.7 倍，与对照相比。在 2009 年，生物炭增加了青贮玉米 B 的浓度，但没有增加产量；在 2010 年，生物炭降低了青贮玉米 TN（33%）、S（7%）浓度和产量（36%）与对照相比。与对照相比，2010 年粪肥使青贮玉米 Cu、Mn、S、Mg、K 和 TN 浓度和产量增加了 1.3 倍。除了在可用土壤 Mn 的情况下，生物炭-粪肥的联合效应不是协同的。在这些石灰性土壤中，生物炭没有改变 pH 值或 P 和阳离子的可用性，这在酸性土壤中是常见的。如果第二年的结果具有代表性，它们表明生物炭在石灰性土壤上的应用可能导致氮的可用性降低，需要额外的土壤氮输入来维持产量目标。
