Three-dimensional coupled-wave analysis for square-lattice photonic crystal surface emitting lasers with transverse-electric polarization: finite-size effects.

We develop a coupled-wave model that is capable of treating finite-size square-lattice photonic crystal surface emitting lasers with transverse-electric polarization. Various properties of interest including threshold gain, mode frequency, field intensity envelope within the device, far-field pattern, as well as polarization and divergence angle of the output beam for the band-edge modes are calculated. Theoretical predictions of the lowest threshold mode and the output beam profile are in good agreement with our experimental findings. In particular, we show that, contrary to the infinite periodic case, the finite length of the device significantly affects surface emission and mode selection properties of the laser device.