Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Blood. 2012 Sep 6;120(10):1985-92. doi: 10.1182/blood-2012-04-402826. Epub 2012 Jul 16.
Phospholipids are of critical importance in mammalian cell biology, both through providing a permeability barrier and acting as substrates for synthesis of lipid mediators. Recently, several new families of bioactive lipids were identified that form through the enzymatic oxidation of membrane phospholipids in circulating innate immune cells and platelets. These comprise eicosanoids attached to phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine and form within 2-5 minutes of cell activation by pathophysiologic agonists, via the coordinated action of receptors and enzymes. In this review, we summarize what is currently known regarding their structures, mechanisms of formation, cell biology, and signaling actions. We show that phospholipid oxidation by acutely activated immune cells is a controlled event, and we propose a central role in regulating membrane biology and innate immune function during health and disease. We also review the mass spectrometry methods used for identification of the lipids and describe how these approaches can be used for discovery of new lipid mediators in complex biologic samples.
磷脂在哺乳动物细胞生物学中具有至关重要的作用，既可以作为通透性屏障，也可以作为脂质介质合成的底物。最近，人们发现了几种新的生物活性脂质家族，它们是通过循环先天免疫细胞和血小板中膜磷脂的酶促氧化形成的。这些脂质包括附着在磷脂酰乙醇胺和磷脂酰胆碱上的类二十烷酸，它们在病理生理激动剂激活细胞后 2-5 分钟内形成，通过受体和酶的协调作用。在这篇综述中，我们总结了目前已知的关于它们的结构、形成机制、细胞生物学和信号转导作用的知识。我们表明，免疫细胞的急性激活导致的磷脂氧化是一个受调控的事件，我们提出了它们在健康和疾病期间调节膜生物学和先天免疫功能的核心作用。我们还回顾了用于鉴定这些脂质的质谱方法，并描述了如何在复杂的生物样本中使用这些方法来发现新的脂质介质。
