Downregulation of inhibitor of growth 3 is correlated with tumorigenesis and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma.

ING3, a member of the inhibitor of growth (ING) family, has been reported to be involved in transcription modulation, cell cycle control and the induction of apoptosis. Previous studies have demonstrated that the expression of ING3 decreased in melanoma and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The aim of this study was to investigate the role of ING3 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumorigenesis and progression. The correlation between ING3 expression and clinicopathological variables of HCC was analyzed. Using the real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), it was found that ING3 was downregulated in HCC tissues compared with adjacent non-cancerous tissues (p<0.05). The immunohistochemical staining of tissue microarray data indicated a significant reduction of ING3 expression in 57.14% of HCC cases (64/112). In addition, the downregulation of ING3 was associated with the tumor differentiation stage. Most HCC samples of Edmondson-Steiner grades II to III exhibited inhibition of ING3 expression. The overexpression of ING3 in HCC cells was found to suppress cell proliferation, colony formation and cell migration, suggesting that ING3 acts as a tumor suppressor in HCC cells. Taken together, the data revealed that ING3 may serve as a suppression factor during tumorigenesis and progression of HCC.