School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
Ann Rev Mar Sci. 2013;5:289-320. doi: 10.1146/annurev-marine-120710-100952. Epub 2012 Oct 1.
Lake Michigan, a 58,000-km(2) freshwater inland sea, is large enough to have persistent basin-scale circulation yet small enough to enable development of approximately balanced budgets for water, energy, and elements including carbon and silicon. Introduction of nonindigenous species-whether through invasion, intentional stocking, or accidental transplantation-has transformed the lake's ecosystem function and habitat structure. Of the 79 nonindigenous species known to have established reproductive populations in the lake, only a few have brought considerable ecological pressure to bear. Four of these were chosen for this review to exemplify top-down (sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus), middle-out (alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus), and bottom-up (the dreissenid zebra and quagga mussels, Dreissena polymorpha and Dreissena rostriformis bugensis, respectively) transformations of Lake Michigan ecology, habitability, and ultimately physical environment. Lampreys attacked and extirpated indigenous lake trout, the top predator. Alewives outcompeted native planktivorous fish and curtailed invertebrate populations. Dreissenid mussels-especially quagga mussels, which have had a much greater impact than the preceding zebra mussels-moved ecosystem metabolism basin-wide from water column to bottom dominance and engineered structures throughout the lake. Each of these non indigenous species exerted devastating effects on commercial and sport fisheries through ecosystem structure modification.
密歇根湖是一个 58000 平方公里的淡水内陆海，大到足以形成持久的流域尺度循环，小到足以使水、能源和包括碳和硅在内的元素收支基本平衡。非本地物种的引入——无论是通过入侵、有意放养还是偶然移植——已经改变了湖泊的生态系统功能和生境结构。在已知有 79 种非本地物种在湖中建立了繁殖种群的情况下，只有少数几种给生态系统带来了相当大的压力。本综述选择了其中的 4 种，以说明从顶层（海七鳃鳗，Petromyzon marinus）、中层（亚口鱼，Alosa pseudoharengus）到底层（斑马贻贝和杜氏棱螺，Dreissena polymorpha 和 Dreissena rostriformis bugensis）对密歇根湖生态、适宜性以及最终物理环境的改变。七鳃鳗攻击并消灭了本地的湖鳟鱼，即顶级掠食者。亚口鱼排挤了本地的浮游动物鱼类，并减少了无脊椎动物的数量。双壳类贻贝——尤其是斑马贻贝，其影响远远超过了先前的杜氏棱螺——通过将生态系统新陈代谢从水柱转移到底部优势，以及在整个湖中建造工程结构，改变了整个流域的生态系统代谢。这些非本地物种都通过改变生态系统结构，对商业和运动渔业造成了破坏性影响。
