Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 2013 Apr;39(2):433-49. doi: 10.1037/a0029145. Epub 2012 Jul 30.
Prior studies have shown that cognitive control is implemented at the list and context levels in the color-word Stroop task. At first blush, the finding that Stroop interference is reduced for mostly incongruent items as compared with mostly congruent items (i.e., the item-specific proportion congruence [ISPC] effect) appears to provide evidence for yet a third level of control, which modulates word reading at the item level. However, evidence to date favors the view that ISPC effects reflect the rapid prediction of high-contingency responses and not item-specific control. In Experiment 1, we first show that an ISPC effect is obtained when the relevant dimension (i.e., color) signals proportion congruency, a problematic pattern for theories based on differential response contingencies. In Experiment 2, we replicate and extend this pattern by showing that item-specific control settings transfer to new stimuli, ruling out alternative frequency-based accounts. In Experiment 3, we revert to the traditional design in which the irrelevant dimension (i.e., word) signals proportion congruency. Evidence for item-specific control, including transfer of the ISPC effect to new stimuli, is apparent when 4-item sets are employed but not when 2-item sets are employed. We attribute this pattern to the absence of high-contingency responses on incongruent trials in the 4-item set. These novel findings provide converging evidence for reactive control of color-word Stroop interference at the item level, reveal theoretically important factors that modulate reliance on item-specific control versus contingency learning, and suggest an update to the item-specific control account (Bugg, Jacoby, & Chanani, 2011).
先前的研究表明，在颜色-词语斯特鲁普任务中，认知控制在列表和语境层面上实施。乍一看，与主要一致的项目相比，主要不一致的项目的斯特鲁普干扰减少（即项目特定比例一致性 [ISPC] 效应）的发现似乎为第三个控制水平提供了证据，该水平在项目水平上调节单词阅读。然而，迄今为止的证据倾向于认为，ISPC 效应反映了对高条件反应的快速预测，而不是项目特异性控制。在实验 1 中，我们首先表明，当相关维度（即颜色）信号比例一致性时，会获得 ISPC 效应，这对于基于差异反应条件的理论来说是一个有问题的模式。在实验 2 中，我们通过显示项目特定的控制设置转移到新的刺激物来复制和扩展这种模式，排除了替代的基于频率的解释。在实验 3 中，我们恢复了传统设计，其中无关维度（即单词）信号比例一致性。当使用 4 项集时，会出现包括 ISPC 效应转移到新刺激物的项目特异性控制的证据，但当使用 2 项集时则不会。我们将这种模式归因于在 4 项集中不一致试验上不存在高条件反应。这些新发现为项目水平上颜色-词语斯特鲁普干扰的反应性控制提供了收敛性证据，揭示了调节对项目特异性控制与条件学习的依赖的理论重要因素，并建议对项目特异性控制理论进行更新（Bugg、Jacoby 和 Chanani，2011）。
