Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
Dalton Trans. 2012 Oct 21;41(39):11927-48. doi: 10.1039/c2dt30349c.
This paper, by no means exhaustive, focuses on high-energy ball-milling of oxides, on their mechanically induced changes and on the consequences of such changes on their physical and chemical properties. High-energy ball-milling offers a fortunate combination of technical simplicity and of complexity both of physical mechanisms which act during milling and of mechanosynthesized materials. Its basic interest, which stems from the large diversity of routes it offers to prepare oxides either directly or indirectly, is illustrated with various families of oxides. The direct path is to be favoured when as-milled oxides are of interest per se because of their nanocrystalline characteristics, their defects or their modified structures which result from mechanically driven phase transformations. The indirect path consists of a sequence of steps starting with mechanically activated oxides which may be subsequently just annealed or submitted to a combination of thermal treatments, with the possible occurrence of various chemical reactions, to prepare the sought-after materials with potential gains in processing temperatures and times. High energy ball-milling of oxides is more and more currently used to activate powders and to prepare nano-oxides at moderate temperatures. The interest of an activation step is well illustrated by the broad development of doped titania powders, synthesized by heat treatment of pre-ground reactants, for photocatalytic applications or to develop antibacterial materials. Another important class of applications of high-energy ball-milling is the formation of composites. It is exemplified here with the case of oxide-dispersed strengthened alloys whose properties are considerably improved by a dispersion of ultra-stable nanosized oxides whose formation mechanisms were recently described. The basic understanding of the mechanisms by which oxides or oxide mixtures evolve by high-energy ball-milling appears to be less advanced than it is for metallic materials essentially because of the overall complexity of the oxide structures, of their surfaces, of their defects and of their mechanical behavior.
本文并非详尽无遗，主要集中在氧化物的高能球磨、机械诱导变化及其对物理和化学性质的影响。高能球磨具有技术简单和物理机制复杂的双重优势，这些机制在球磨过程中起作用，同时也涉及机械合成材料。其基本兴趣源于它提供了大量制备氧化物的途径，无论是直接还是间接制备，都可以用各种氧化物家族来说明。当直接球磨的氧化物因其纳米晶特性、缺陷或机械驱动相变导致的改性结构而本身具有吸引力时，应优先选择直接途径。间接途径包括一系列步骤，从机械激活的氧化物开始，随后可以仅仅进行退火，或者进行热疗组合，可能发生各种化学反应，以用潜在的加工温度和时间优势来制备所需的材料。
目前，越来越多地使用高能球磨来激活粉末并在中等温度下制备纳米氧化物。通过热处理预磨反应物来合成掺杂二氧化钛粉末，用于光催化应用或开发抗菌材料，这一激活步骤的广泛发展很好地说明了这一点。高能球磨的另一个重要应用领域是复合材料的形成。在这里，我们以氧化物弥散强化合金为例，其性能通过超稳定纳米氧化物的弥散得到了极大的提高，这些氧化物的形成机制最近已经被描述。
与金属材料相比，氧化物或氧化物混合物通过高能球磨演变的机制的基本理解似乎不太先进，这主要是由于氧化物结构、表面、缺陷和机械行为的总体复杂性。
