Castillo F M
Institute for International Peace Studies, University of Notre Dame du Lac, Indiana.
Med War. 1990 Oct-Dec;6(4):250-68. doi: 10.1080/07488009008408945.
The International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW) is a contemporary example of a successful transnational non-governmental organization (NGO) which is providing leadership in accordance with Robert O. Keohane's definitional criteria. It has focused on the political issue-area of the prevention of nuclear war. Presently, it is cautiously expanding its mandate in order to engender international trust and co-operation in its role as an effective world leader. International or transnational NGOs have their roots in Quakerism of nearly 200 years ago. They take on a variety of forms but tend to share a distinguishing set of common characteristics. Since 1945, the number of international NGOs has grown impressively. The US affiliate of IPPNW, Physicians for Social Responsibility (PSR), anticipated the non-governmental function of IPPNW by almost two decades, essentially serving as a prototype in limited ways. PSR was founded in 1961 by a group of young doctors deeply concerned about the medical effects of nuclear war. From this founding group of US physicians came the leadership for IPPNW's formation in late 1980. The past successes and ongoing efforts of IPPNW as outlined in this paper demonstrate that IPPNW is serving in the needed role of a transnational organization acting as a midwife for the birthing of a new global comprehensive security system.
国际防止核战争医生组织（IPPNW）是一个成功的跨国非政府组织（NGO）的当代范例，它正按照罗伯特·O·基欧汉的定义标准发挥着领导作用。该组织专注于防止核战争这一政治问题领域。目前，它正在谨慎地扩大其使命，以便在作为有效的世界领导者的角色中赢得国际信任与合作。国际或跨国非政府组织的根源可追溯到近200年前的贵格会。它们有多种形式，但往往有一系列独特的共同特征。自1945年以来，国际非政府组织的数量增长显著。IPPNW的美国分支机构社会责任医生组织（PSR）比IPPNW的非政府职能早了近二十年，在有限程度上基本上起到了原型的作用。PSR由一群深切关注核战争医学影响的年轻医生于1961年创立。IPPNW于1980年末成立，其领导层就来自这群美国医生。本文所述IPPNW过去的成功和持续的努力表明，IPPNW正发挥着跨国组织所需的作用，充当新的全球综合安全体系诞生的助产士。
