VITO Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Boeretang 200, B 2400 Mol, Belgium.
Waste Manag. 2012 Dec;32(12):2208-17. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2012.05.013. Epub 2012 Aug 21.
In this study we describe the development of an alternative methodology for hazard characterization of waste materials. Such an alternative methodology for hazard assessment of complex waste materials is urgently needed, because the lack of a validated instrument leads to arbitrary hazard classification of such complex waste materials. False classification can lead to human and environmental health risks and also has important financial consequences for the waste owner. The Hazardous Waste Directive (HWD) describes the methodology for hazard classification of waste materials. For mirror entries the HWD classification is based upon the hazardous properties (H1-15) of the waste which can be assessed from the hazardous properties of individual identified waste compounds or--if not all compounds are identified--from test results of hazard assessment tests performed on the waste material itself. For the latter the HWD recommends toxicity tests that were initially designed for risk assessment of chemicals in consumer products (pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, biocides, food, etc.). These tests (often using mammals) are not designed nor suitable for the hazard characterization of waste materials. With the present study we want to contribute to the development of an alternative and transparent test strategy for hazard assessment of complex wastes that is in line with the HWD principles for waste classification. It is necessary to cope with this important shortcoming in hazardous waste classification and to demonstrate that alternative methods are available that can be used for hazard assessment of waste materials. Next, by describing the pros and cons of the available methods, and by identifying the needs for additional or further development of test methods, we hope to stimulate research efforts and development in this direction. In this paper we describe promising techniques and argument on the test selection for the pilot study that we have performed on different types of waste materials. Test results are presented in a second paper. As the application of many of the proposed test methods is new in the field of waste management, the principles of the tests are described. The selected tests tackle important hazardous properties but refinement of the test battery is needed to fulfil the a priori conditions.
在这项研究中，我们描述了一种替代方法来对废物进行危害特征描述。这种替代方法对于复杂废物的危害评估是非常必要的，因为缺乏经过验证的工具会导致对这些复杂废物的任意危险分类。错误的分类可能导致人类和环境健康风险，也会对废物所有者产生重要的财务后果。《危险废物指令》（Hazardous Waste Directive，HWD）描述了废物危害分类的方法。对于镜像条目，HWD 分类基于废物的危险特性（H1-15），这些特性可以从单个识别出的废物化合物的危险特性来评估，或者如果没有识别出所有化合物，则可以从对废物本身进行的危害评估测试的测试结果来评估。对于后者，HWD 建议使用毒性测试，这些测试最初是为消费品（药品、化妆品、生物杀灭剂、食品等）中的化学物质的风险评估而设计的。这些测试（通常使用哺乳动物）不是为废物危害特征描述而设计的，也不适合。通过本研究，我们希望为复杂废物危害评估开发一种替代的、透明的测试策略做出贡献，该策略符合 HWD 废物分类原则。有必要应对危险废物分类中的这一重要缺陷，并证明可用于废物危害评估的替代方法是可用的。接下来，通过描述现有方法的优缺点，并确定对测试方法进行额外或进一步开发的需求，我们希望能激发这一方向的研究工作和发展。在本文中，我们描述了在我们对不同类型的废物进行的试点研究中，有前景的技术和测试选择的论据。测试结果将在第二篇论文中呈现。由于许多拟议测试方法在废物管理领域的应用是新的，因此我们描述了这些测试的原理。所选测试针对重要的危险特性，但需要进一步完善测试组合以满足先验条件。
