Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland.
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2012 Dec;31(12):2771-9. doi: 10.1002/etc.1998. Epub 2012 Oct 3.
Changes in leaching, availability, bioaccumulation, and vertical distribution of lead (Pb) in soil 20 years after the cessation of shooting activity were studied by comparing three pine forest sites in southern Finland: an active shooting range, an abandoned shooting range, and a noncontaminated control site. At both shooting ranges, shooting activity had lasted for 20 years, but it had taken place 20 years earlier at the abandoned range. Up to 4 kg m(-2) of Pb pellets had accumulated in the soil at both shooting ranges, and extremely high Pb concentrations, reaching 50,000 mg kg(-1) , were detected in the organic soil layer. Elevated Pb concentrations were also found in leachate waters and in the biota. Concentrations of Pb in the top organic soil layer and in some of the biota were lower at the abandoned shooting range, which can be taken as a sign of starting recovery of the forest ecosystem. However, the concentration of water-extractable Pb had not decreased in the topsoil, possibly indicating the release of Pb from decaying litter. Deeper in the organic soil layer, weathering of Pb pellets enhanced Pb availability and leaching, indicating an increased risk of groundwater contamination over time at shooting sites located above aquifers.
停止射击活动 20 年后，通过比较芬兰南部的三个松林地点（一个活跃的射击场、一个废弃的射击场和一个未受污染的对照点），研究了土壤中铅（Pb）的浸出、有效性、生物累积和垂直分布的变化。在两个射击场，射击活动持续了 20 年，但在废弃的射击场已经进行了 20 年。在两个射击场，多达 4 kg/m2 的 Pb 弹丸已在土壤中累积，并且在有机土壤层中检测到极高的 Pb 浓度，达到 50,000 mg/kg。淋出液和生物群中也发现了高浓度的 Pb。在废弃的射击场，顶有机土壤层和一些生物群中 Pb 的浓度较低，这可以视为森林生态系统开始恢复的迹象。然而，表土中可提取 Pb 的浓度并未降低，这可能表明来自腐殖质的 Pb 正在释放。在更深的有机土壤层中，Pb 弹丸的风化增强了 Pb 的有效性和浸出性，表明随着时间的推移，位于含水层上方的射击场存在地下水污染风险增加的可能性。
