Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, USA.
J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng. 2012;47(14):2219-29. doi: 10.1080/10934529.2012.707540.
Plant tissue analysis methods were evaluated for six explosive compounds to assess uptake and phytoforensic methods development to quantify explosives in plant to obtain the plant data for the evaluation of explosive contamination in soil and groundwater. Four different solvent mixtures containing acetonitrile or methanol were tested at variable extraction ratios to compare the extraction efficiency for six explosive compounds: 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), pentaerythritoltetranitrate (PETN), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2ADNT), and 2,4-Dinitroanisole (DNAN), in Laurel Willow (Salix pentandra) stem and range grass Big Bluestem (Andropogon gerardii) using LC-MS/MS. Plant tissues were spiked with 500 ng/g of explosives and extracted using ultrasonically-assisted solvent extraction. With the ratio of fresh plant mass to solvent volume of 1:20 for willow and 1:40 for big bluestem grass, results indicated that all explosives in willow except HMX were extracted at higher than 73.3% by using 20 mL of methanol, 50:50 (v/v) methanol:water, or acetonitrile, whereas HMX was extracted with the highest recovery of 61.3% by 20 mL of acetonitrile. In big bluestem grass, the most effective solvents were 20 mL of either methanol or 50:50 (v/v) methanol:water for PETN extraction with a recovery of higher than 101.2% and 20 mL of 50:50 (v/v) methanol:water for HMX, RDX, TNT, 2ADNT, and DNAN extraction with a recovery of 83.8%, 104.4%, 97.5%, 80.7%, and 108.2%, respectively. However, unlike methanol and acetonitrile, 50:50 (v/v) methanol:water provided no problem of leading or split peak in chromatogram; therefore, it was preferred in the test and performed a method validation. Results indicated that 50:50 (v/v) methanol:water provided good repeatability and recovery and method detection limits at 0.5-20 ng/g fresh weight or 8.8-61.3 ng/g dry weight. Overall, results suggested that solvent extraction efficiency of explosives in plant was influenced by plant species and solvent used, and method presented here was believed to provide the preliminary data with respect to the analysis of simultaneous explosives in plants with LC-MS/MS.
评估了六种爆炸物的植物组织分析方法，以评估摄取情况，并开发植物取证方法来定量植物中的爆炸物，以获取用于评估土壤和地下水中爆炸物污染的植物数据。测试了四种不同的含乙腈或甲醇的溶剂混合物，以不同的提取比例进行测试，以比较六种爆炸物的提取效率：2,4,6-三硝基甲苯（TNT）、季戊四醇四硝酸酯（PETN）、六氢-1,3,5-三硝基-1,3,5-三嗪（RDX）、八氢-1,3,5,7-四硝基-1,3,5,7-四唑（HMX）、2-氨基-4,6-二硝基甲苯（2ADNT）和 2,4-二硝基苯甲醚（DNAN）在柳树上的提取效率，柳树叶和大蓝草（Andropogon gerardii）使用 LC-MS/MS。将植物组织用 500ng/g 的爆炸物进行过浓度处理，并使用超声辅助溶剂提取法进行提取。对于柳树，新鲜植物质量与溶剂体积的比例为 1:20，对于大蓝草为 1:40，结果表明，除 HMX 外，所有爆炸物在使用 20mL 甲醇、50:50（v/v）甲醇：水或乙腈时，提取率均高于 73.3%，而 HMX 的提取率最高，回收率为 61.3%，使用 20mL 乙腈。对于大蓝草，最有效的溶剂是 20mL 甲醇或 50:50（v/v）甲醇：水，用于 PETN 的提取，回收率高于 101.2%，20mL 50:50（v/v）甲醇：水用于 HMX、RDX、TNT、2ADNT 和 DNAN 的提取，回收率分别为 83.8%、104.4%、97.5%、80.7%和 108.2%。然而，与甲醇和乙腈不同，50:50（v/v）甲醇：水在色谱图中没有导致或分裂峰的问题；因此，它在测试中被优先使用，并进行了方法验证。结果表明，50:50（v/v）甲醇：水在 0.5-20ng/g 新鲜重量或 8.8-61.3ng/g 干重量时提供了良好的重复性和回收率以及方法检测限。总的来说，结果表明，植物中爆炸物的溶剂萃取效率受植物种类和所用溶剂的影响，这里提出的方法被认为提供了使用 LC-MS/MS 同时分析植物中爆炸物的初步数据。
