Department of Sociology, Queens College, and CUNY Institute for Demographic Research, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Boulevard, Flushing, NY 11367, USA.
Demography. 2013 Feb;50(1):71-95. doi: 10.1007/s13524-012-0140-x.
Existing knowledge about historical patterns of black internal migration in South Africa is incomplete, primarily because of the lack of good life course studies as well as the apartheid government's suppression and censoring of data. This article provides a comprehensive picture of historical internal migration patterns with an analysis of a unique individual retrospective life history data set. This sample of the black population, collected in 2000, is the only known nationally representative life history data for South Africa; it includes all residential moves for each individual during his/her lifetime. Various mobility outcomes are analyzed: moves within/across provinces, moves within/across rural and urban areas, forced moves, moves with a nuclear family, and individual moves. The results indicate that migration significantly increased among black South Africans during the last half of the twentieth century, and that this increase began before the Pass Laws were repealed in 1986 and well before the official end of apartheid in 1991 or the first free election in 1994. The timing of this increase in migration rates suggests that migration in defiance of the Pass Laws (albeit a dangerous and desperate proposition) was a way of life for many black South Africans.
关于南非黑人内部迁移历史模式的现有知识并不完整，主要是因为缺乏良好的生命历程研究，以及种族隔离政府对数据的压制和审查。本文通过分析独特的个体回溯生命史数据集，提供了历史内部迁移模式的全貌。该黑人样本于 2000 年收集，是南非唯一已知的全国代表性生命史数据集；它包括每个人一生中的所有居住迁移。分析了各种迁移结果：省内/跨省内迁移、城乡内/跨城乡迁移、被迫迁移、有核心家庭的迁移和个人迁移。结果表明，在 20 世纪后半叶，南非黑人的迁移显著增加，这种增加始于 1986 年《通行证法》废除之前，远早于 1991 年种族隔离正式结束或 1994 年第一次自由选举之前。迁移率的这种增加表明，尽管违背《通行证法》的迁移（尽管是一种危险和绝望的主张）对许多南非黑人来说是一种生活方式。
