Department of Bioscience, Plant Biology , Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 1, bld. 1135, 8000 Aarhus C , Denmark.
AoB Plants. 2012;2012:pls020. doi: 10.1093/aobpla/pls020. Epub 2012 Sep 6.
Two Phragmites australis taxa are recognized in Europe: P. australis ssp. altissimus, also known as Phragmites isiaca, in the Mediterranean region and P. australis in the temperate region. Another taxonomic group in the Mediterranean is Phragmites frutescens. European genotypes are diverse genetically, cytologically and morphologically, and are related to African, Asiatic and American genotypes. We investigated chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) diversity in Europe and defined the current borders of the European gene pool.
We analysed chloroplast variation with parsimony and genetic distance methods, and compared it with that of nuclear amplified fragment length polymorphism and microsatellites. We also investigated the phenological pattern of 188 genotypes collected worldwide in a common garden in Denmark. We assumed that non-flowering genotypes could indicate climatic, geographic and/or reproductive barriers to dispersal and would have been recorded in the genetic pattern as groups genetically isolated from, or within, the European pool.
The European P. australis gene pool extends from North America to the Far East and South Africa. However, African and North American genotypes are differentiating from the European genotypes. Mediterranean P. australis is genetically different from temperate P. australis and shares several similarities with Phragmites mauritianus in Africa and Phragmites karka in Asia. Phragmites frutescens shares the cpDNA sequences with both these tropical species. Two DNA bands can distinguish Mediterranean P. australis from P. frutescens and P. mauritianus and from temperate P. australis, and reveal possible hybrids among these species in the Mediterranean region. Phenological data confirmed possible gene flow within the temperate region of Europe, whereas the Mediterranean genotypes did not set inflorescences in Denmark, suggesting reproductive barriers between temperate and Mediterranean P. australis.
European P. australis appears as one of four main Phragmites groups known in the world. Further research is needed to understand the implications of long-distance dispersal at the population level.
欧洲有两种芦苇（Phragmites australis）种群：地中海地区的 P. australis ssp. altissimus，也称为 Phragmites isiaca，以及温带地区的 P. australis。地中海地区的另一个分类群是 P. frutescens。欧洲基因型在遗传、细胞学和形态学上具有多样性，与非洲、亚洲和美洲的基因型有关。我们调查了欧洲的叶绿体 DNA（cpDNA）多样性，并确定了欧洲基因库的当前边界。
我们用简约法和遗传距离法分析了叶绿体的变异，并将其与核扩增片段长度多态性和微卫星进行了比较。我们还在丹麦的一个共同花园中调查了全球收集的 188 个基因型的物候模式。我们假设非开花基因型可能表明传播的气候、地理和/或生殖障碍，并且会在遗传模式中作为与欧洲基因库分离或内部的群体记录下来。
欧洲的 P. australis 基因库从北美洲延伸到远东和南非。然而，非洲和北美的基因型正在与欧洲的基因型分化。地中海的 P. australis 在遗传上与温带的 P. australis 不同，与非洲的 P. mauritianus 和亚洲的 P. karka 有几个相似之处。 Phragmites frutescens 与这两个热带物种共享 cpDNA 序列。两条 DNA 带可以将地中海的 P. australis 与 P. frutescens 和 P. mauritianus 以及温带的 P. australis 区分开来，并揭示了这些物种在地中海地区可能的杂种。物候数据证实了欧洲温带地区内部可能存在基因流，而地中海基因型在丹麦没有设置花序，表明温带和地中海 P. australis 之间存在生殖障碍。
欧洲的 P. australis 似乎是世界上已知的四个主要的 Phragmites 群体之一。需要进一步研究以了解远距离传播对种群水平的影响。
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