Animal Genetics and Breeding Unit, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.
J Anim Breed Genet. 2012 Oct;129(5):359-68. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.2012.00996.x. Epub 2012 Apr 16.
Parent-of-origin effects arise when an individual's genes are modified during gametogenesis. Commonly known as imprinting, affected genes may be completely, or partially, suppressed. Individual loci in mice, human and sheep are known to be imprinted, and the quantitative effects of imprinted loci have been found for many carcass traits in cattle and pigs. Differentiating between five types of loci - direct additive loci and partially and completely imprinted loci by sires and dams - is not possible as their effects are confounded such that only three of seven parameters can be estimated. An analysis of Australian Hereford and Angus heifers and bulls for four ultrasonic measures of body composition - eye muscle area, rib fat, rump fat and intramuscular fat per cent - found parent-of-origin effects for both parents in most trait-gender data sets and that they were an average of 28% of the total genetic variance. No parent-of-origin effects were found for Hereford bull intramuscular fat per cent and the maternal parent-of-origin effects were not significant for Angus Heifer eye muscle area.
当个体的基因在配子发生过程中发生修饰时，就会出现亲本来源效应。通常被称为印迹，受影响的基因可能完全或部分被抑制。已知小鼠、人类和绵羊中的个体基因座被印迹，并且已经发现印迹基因座对牛和猪的许多胴体性状具有定量效应。区分五种类型的基因座——父本和母本的直接加性基因座和部分和完全印迹基因座——是不可能的，因为它们的效应是混杂的，以至于只能估计七个参数中的三个。对澳大利亚赫里福德和安格斯小母牛和公牛的四种超声体成分测量（眼肌面积、肋骨脂肪、臀部脂肪和肌肉内脂肪百分比）进行分析，发现大多数性状-性别数据集中的双亲都存在亲本来源效应，且它们占总遗传方差的平均 28%。未发现赫里福德公牛肌肉内脂肪百分比的亲本来源效应，安格斯小母牛的母本亲本来源效应在眼肌面积上不显著。
