Civil Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Yildiz Technical University, 34220 Davutpaşa-Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2013 Apr;20(4):2556-68. doi: 10.1007/s11356-012-1149-9. Epub 2012 Sep 12.
This research was executed between March 2009 and March 2010 to monitor particulate matter size distribution and its composition in Istanbul. Particulate matter composition was determined using ion chromatography and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The sampling point is adjacent to a crowded road and the Bosporus Strait. Two prevailing particulate modes are found throughout PM10 by sampling with a nine-stage low-volume cascade impactor. First mode in the fine mode is found to be between 0.43 and 0.65 μm, whereas the other peak was observed between 3.3 and 4.7 μm, referring to the coarse mode. The mean PM10 concentration was determined as 41.2 μg/m(3), with a standard deviation of 16.92 μg/m(3). PM0.43 had the highest mean concentration value of 10.67 μg/m(3), making up nearly one fourth of the total PM10 mass. For determining the effect of traffic on particulate matter (PM) composition and distribution, four different sampling cycles were applied: entire day, nighttime, rush hour, and rush hour at weekdays. SO4(-2) and organic carbon/elemental carbon proportions are found to be lower in night samples, representing a decrease in traffic. The long-range transports of dust storms were observed during the sampling periods. Their effects were determined analytically and their route models were run by the HYSPLIT model and validated through satellite photographs taken by the NASA Earth Observatory.
本研究于 2009 年 3 月至 2010 年 3 月进行，旨在监测伊斯坦布尔的颗粒物粒径分布及其成分。采用离子色谱法和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定颗粒物成分。采样点位于繁忙的道路和博斯普鲁斯海峡附近。通过使用九级低容量级联冲击器进行采样，发现 PM10 中存在两种主要的颗粒物模式。细颗粒物模式的第一个峰在 0.43 到 0.65μm 之间，而另一个峰值则在 3.3 到 4.7μm 之间，属于粗颗粒物模式。PM10 的平均浓度为 41.2μg/m3，标准偏差为 16.92μg/m3。PM0.43 的平均浓度最高，为 10.67μg/m3，占总 PM10 质量的近四分之一。为了确定交通对颗粒物（PM）组成和分布的影响，应用了四种不同的采样周期：全天、夜间、高峰时段和工作日高峰时段。发现夜间样本中的 SO4(-2)和有机碳/元素碳比例较低，表明交通量减少。在采样期间观察到了沙尘暴的长距离传输。通过 HYSPLIT 模型对其影响进行了分析，并通过美国宇航局地球观测站拍摄的卫星照片对其路径模型进行了验证。
