Wróbel A, Rokita E, Maenhaut W
Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
Sci Total Environ. 2000 Aug 10;257(2-3):199-211. doi: 10.1016/s0048-9697(00)00519-2.
This study was undertaken to assess the influence of traffic on particulate air pollution in an urban area, and to characterise the short-range transport of the aerosols generated by traffic. The study was conducted in Kraków, a city located in southern Poland with a population of approximately 800,000. Aerosol samples were collected using automatic sampling equipment at five sites located at different distances from the main road in Kraków, ranging from 5 to 1500 m. The sampling set-up allowed standardisation of the results due to continuous determination of the meteorological parameters (temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind speed and direction, rainfall and humidity). Aerosol particles were separated according to aerodynamic diameter into two size fractions: > 1.9 microm (coarse fraction); and 1.9-72 microm (fine fraction). The concentrations of 27 elements were measured in both size fractions (Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Zr, Ba, Pb). The multielement analyses were performed by Particle-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) spectrometry. Traffic contribution to particulate air pollution was determined on the basis of 13 elements which were present above the detection limit in all samples (Mg, Al, Si, P, S, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb). It was found that the traffic contribution in the coarse size fraction was approximately 80% up to 150 m from the road; it dropped abruptly by a factor of 2 over a distance of 150-200 m and declined further to 20% at 1500 m from the road. Traffic contribution for the fine particle concentrations of individual elements was 50-70% in the close vicinity of the road (5 m); then there was a decrease, followed by an increase at a greater distance from the road. Possible explanations for this behaviour of the fine particles are given.
本研究旨在评估交通对城市地区空气中颗粒物污染的影响，并对交通产生的气溶胶的短程传输特性进行表征。该研究在波兰南部城市克拉科夫进行，该市人口约80万。使用自动采样设备在克拉科夫距离主干道不同距离（5至1500米）的五个地点采集气溶胶样本。由于持续测定气象参数（温度、大气压力、风速和风向、降雨量和湿度），该采样设置使得结果能够标准化。气溶胶颗粒根据空气动力学直径分为两个粒径级分：> 1.9微米（粗粒径级分）；以及1.9 - 72微米（细粒径级分）。在两个粒径级分中测量了27种元素的浓度（钠、镁、铝、硅、磷、硫、氯、钾、钙、钛、钒、铬、锰、铁、镍、铜、锌、镓、锗、砷、硒、溴、铷、锶、锆、钡、铅）。多元素分析通过粒子诱导X射线发射（PIXE）光谱法进行。基于所有样本中检测限以上存在的13种元素（镁、铝、硅、磷、硫、钾、钙、钛、锰、铁、铜、锌、铅）确定交通对颗粒物空气污染的贡献。结果发现，在距离道路150米以内，粗粒径级分中的交通贡献约为80%；在150 - 200米的距离内突然下降两倍，并在距离道路1500米处进一步降至20%。道路附近（5米）单个元素细颗粒浓度的交通贡献为50 - 70%；然后有所下降，随后在距离道路更远的地方有所增加。文中给出了细颗粒这种行为的可能解释。
