Cacioppo J T, Tassinary L G
Ohio State University.
Am Psychol. 1990 Jan;45(1):16-28. doi: 10.1037//0003-066x.45.1.16.
A century has passed since the publication of William James's Principles of Psychology, yet most of the questions James raised about the relation between physiological events and molar psychological or behavioral processes, such as emotion, remain unanswered. The sluggish progress in capitalizing on physiological signals to address general psychological questions is due in part to shortcomings in the quantification of physiological signals in humans and, perhaps more important, to the way in which investigators have been thinking about the relation between physiological signals and psychological operations. In this article, we illustrate these points, and we provide a conceptual framework to foster research and analysis of psychological phenomena based on physiological signals. Psychological operations and physiological responses are defined in terms of configural and temporal properties, and psychophysiological relations are conceptualized in terms of their specificity (e.g., one-to-one versus many-to-one) and their generality (e.g., situation or person specific versus cross-situational and pancultural). This model yields four classes of psychophysiological relations: (a) outcomes, (b) concomitants, (c) markers, and (d) invariants. Finally, the model specifies how to determine whether a psychophysiological relation is an outcome, concomitant, marker, or invariant, and it describes important limitations in inferences of psychological significance based on physiological signals when dealing with each.
自威廉·詹姆斯的《心理学原理》出版以来，一个世纪已经过去了，但詹姆斯提出的关于生理事件与诸如情感等整体心理或行为过程之间关系的大多数问题仍未得到解答。在利用生理信号来解决一般心理问题方面进展缓慢，部分原因在于人类生理信号量化方面的不足，或许更重要的是，在于研究者思考生理信号与心理活动之间关系的方式。在本文中，我们阐述了这些要点，并提供了一个概念框架，以促进基于生理信号对心理现象的研究与分析。心理活动和生理反应是根据构型和时间属性来定义的，而心理生理关系则依据其特异性（例如，一对一与多对一）和普遍性（例如，特定情境或特定个体与跨情境和跨文化）来概念化。这个模型产生了四类心理生理关系：（a）结果，（b）伴随物，（c）标志物，以及（d）不变量。最后，该模型规定了如何确定一种心理生理关系是结果、伴随物、标志物还是不变量，并描述了在处理每一种关系时基于生理信号推断心理意义的重要局限性。
