农药法规：从 FIFRA 到 FQPA 的暴露剂量建模。

Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.

Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 2012;112:117-62. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-415813-9.00005-2.

The federal laws and regulations governing the registration and use of pesticides in the United States under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act are published in the Federal Register, while state laws such as California are published in the California Food and Agricultural Code, Divisions 6, 7, and 13. Up until the passage of the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA of 1996), federal and state regulations pertaining to the registration and use of pesticides were in most cases identical except for the fact that food tolerances were enforced but not set at the state level. The California Department of Pesticide Regulation's Worker Health and Safety Program continues to monitor worker exposure to pesticides and report illnesses among workers associated with pesticide exposure. Under FQPA, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has taken a leadership role in the development of probabilistic pesticide exposure models (i.e., DEEM, SHEDS, etc.) using pesticide application, human activity, and exposure databases (i.e., CPPAES, CHAD, CSFII, FCID, NHANES, and NHEXAS). A physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) modeling framework has been established by EPA to assess cumulative risk of dose and injury to infants and children to organophosphorus, carbamate (NMC), and pyrethroid insecticides from aggregate sources and routes. Probabilistic models are being linked to PBPK/PD models to improve risk assessments.

美国联邦法规和规章，管理农药的注册和使用，根据《联邦杀虫剂、杀菌剂和灭鼠剂法》在美国联邦登记册公布，而加州等州的法律则在加州《食品和农业法典》第 6、7 和 13 编公布。在 1996 年《食品质量保护法》（FQPA）通过之前，联邦和州与农药注册和使用有关的法规在大多数情况下是相同的，只是食品允许残留量在州一级实施而不是设定。加州农药监管部门的工人健康和安全计划继续监测工人接触农药的情况，并报告与接触农药有关的工人患病情况。根据 FQPA，美国环保署（EPA）在美国开发概率性农药暴露模型（即 DEEM、SHEDS 等）方面发挥了领导作用，使用农药施用、人类活动和暴露数据库（即 CPPAES、CHAD、CSFII、FCID、NHANES 和 NHEXAS）。EPA 建立了基于生理学的药代动力学/药效学（PBPK/PD）模型框架，以评估来自综合来源和途径的有机磷、氨基甲酸酯（NMC）和拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对婴儿和儿童的剂量和伤害的累积风险。概率模型正被链接到 PBPK/PD 模型，以改进风险评估。