Predicting copper concentrations in acid mine drainage: a comparative analysis of five machine learning techniques.

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a global problem that may have serious human health and environmental implications. Laboratory and field tests are commonly used for predicting AMD, however, this is challenging since its formation varies from site-to-site for a number of reasons. Furthermore, these tests are often conducted at small-scale over a short period of time. Subsequently, extrapolation of these results into large-scale setting of mine sites introduce huge uncertainties for decision-makers. This study presents machine learning techniques to develop models to predict AMD quality using historical monitoring data of a mine site. The machine learning techniques explored in this study include artificial neural networks (ANN), support vector machine with polynomial (SVM-Poly) and radial base function (SVM-RBF) kernels, model tree (M5P), and K-nearest neighbors (K-NN). Input variables (physico-chemical parameters) that influence drainage dynamics are identified and used to develop models to predict copper concentrations. For these selected techniques, the predictive accuracy and uncertainty were evaluated based on different statistical measures. The results showed that SVM-Poly performed best, followed by the SVM-RBF, ANN, M5P, and KNN techniques. Overall, this study demonstrates that the machine learning techniques are promising tools for predicting AMD quality.