CNR-IRSA, National Research Council of Italy-Water Research Institute, Via Salaria Km 29.300, Monterotondo, 00015 Rome, Italy.
Environ Monit Assess. 2013 May;185(5):3759-81. doi: 10.1007/s10661-012-2826-3. Epub 2012 Sep 16.
Monitoring networks aiming to assess the state of groundwater quality and detect or predict changes could increase in efficiency when fitted to vulnerability and pollution risk assessment. The main purpose of this paper is to describe a methodology aiming at integrating aquifers vulnerability and actual levels of groundwater pollution in the monitoring network design. In this study carried out in a pilot area in central Italy, several factors such as hydrogeological setting, groundwater vulnerability, and natural and anthropogenic contamination levels were analyzed and used in designing a network tailored to the monitoring objectives, namely, surveying the evolution of groundwater quality relating to natural conditions as well as to polluting processes active in the area. Due to the absence of an aquifer vulnerability map for the whole area, a proxi evaluation of it was performed through a geographic information system (GIS) methodology, leading to the so called "susceptibility to groundwater quality degradation". The latter was used as a basis for the network density assessment, while water points were ranked by several factors including discharge, actual contamination levels, maintenance conditions, and accessibility for periodical sampling in order to select the most appropriate to the network. Two different GIS procedures were implemented which combine vulnerability conditions and water points suitability, producing two slightly different networks of 50 monitoring points selected out of the 121 candidate wells and springs. The results are compared with a "manual" selection of the points. The applied GIS procedures resulted capable to select the requested number of water points from the initial set, evaluating the most confident ones and an appropriate density. Moreover, it is worth underlining that the second procedure (point distance analysis [PDA]) is technically faster and simpler to be performed than the first one (GRID + PDA).
旨在评估地下水水质状况并检测或预测变化的监测网络，如果与脆弱性和污染风险评估相适配，则可以提高效率。本文的主要目的是描述一种将含水层脆弱性和地下水实际污染水平纳入监测网络设计的方法。在意大利中部的一个试点地区进行的这项研究中，分析了许多因素，如水文地质背景、地下水脆弱性以及自然和人为污染水平，并将这些因素用于设计一个符合监测目标的网络，即调查与自然条件以及该地区活跃的污染过程相关的地下水质量演变。由于整个地区缺乏含水层脆弱性图，因此通过地理信息系统 (GIS) 方法对其进行了代理评估，从而得出了所谓的“地下水质量退化敏感性”。后者被用作网络密度评估的基础，而根据流量、实际污染水平、维护状况和定期采样的可达性等因素对水点进行了排名，以选择最适合网络的水点。实施了两种不同的 GIS 程序，这些程序将脆弱性条件和水点适用性结合起来，从 121 个候选井和泉中选择了两个略有不同的 50 个监测点网络。将结果与“手动”选择的点进行了比较。应用的 GIS 程序能够从初始集选中选择所需数量的水点，评估最可靠的水点并确保适当的密度。此外，值得强调的是，第二个程序（点距离分析 [PDA]）在技术上比第一个程序（GRID+PDA）更快且更简单。
