School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Main Building Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3TL, UK.
Plant Mol Biol. 2013 Aug;82(6):563-74. doi: 10.1007/s11103-012-9968-0. Epub 2012 Sep 15.
Floral senescence involves an ordered set of events coordinated at the plant, flower, organ and cellular level. This review assesses our current understanding of the input signals, signal transduction and cellular processes that regulate petal senescence and cell death. In many species a visible sign of petal senescence is wilting. This is accompanied by remobilization of nutrients from the flower to the developing ovary or to other parts of the plant. In other species, petals abscise while still turgid. Coordinating signals for floral senescence also vary across species. In some species ethylene acts as a central regulator, in others floral senescence is ethylene insensitive and other growth regulators are implicated. Due to the variability in this coordination and sequence of events across species, identifying suitable models to study petal senescence has been challenging, and the best candidates are reviewed. Transcriptomic studies provide an overview of the MAP kinases and transcription factors that are activated during petal senescence in several species including Arabidopsis. Our understanding of downstream regulators such as autophagy genes and proteases is also improving. This gives us insights into possible signalling cascades that regulate initiation of senescence and coordination of cell death processes. It also identifies the gaps in our knowledge such as the role of microRNAs. Finally future prospects for using all this information from model to non-model species to extend vase life in ornamental species is reviewed.
花朵衰老涉及一系列有序的事件，这些事件在植物、花朵、器官和细胞水平上协调进行。这篇综述评估了我们目前对调节花瓣衰老和细胞死亡的输入信号、信号转导和细胞过程的理解。在许多物种中，花瓣衰老的一个明显迹象是萎蔫。伴随着从花朵向发育中的子房或植物的其他部分重新分配营养物质。在其他物种中，花瓣在仍然饱满时脱落。协调花朵衰老的信号也因物种而异。在一些物种中，乙烯作为中央调节剂起作用，而在其他物种中，花朵衰老对乙烯不敏感，其他生长调节剂也参与其中。由于这种协调和事件顺序在物种间存在可变性，因此确定适合研究花瓣衰老的模型一直具有挑战性，本文对最佳候选模型进行了综述。转录组研究提供了在几种物种（包括拟南芥）中花瓣衰老过程中激活的 MAP 激酶和转录因子的概述。我们对自噬基因和蛋白酶等下游调节剂的理解也在不断提高。这使我们深入了解可能的信号级联，这些信号级联调节衰老的启动和细胞死亡过程的协调。它还确定了我们知识中的空白，例如 microRNAs 的作用。最后，还综述了将从模型物种到非模型物种的所有这些信息用于延长观赏物种花瓶寿命的未来前景。
