Juul Jeppe, Sneppen Kim, Mathiesen Joachim
University of Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys. 2012 Jun;85(6 Pt 1):061924. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.85.061924. Epub 2012 Jun 26.
The rock-paper-scissors game is a model example of the ongoing cyclic turnover typical of many ecosystems, ranging from the terrestrial and aquatic to the microbial. Here we explore the evolution of a rock-paper-scissors system where three species compete for space. The species are allowed to mutate and change the speed by which they invade one another. In the case when all species have similar mutation rates, we observe a perpetual arms race where no single species prevails. When only two species mutate, their aggressions increase indefinitely until the ecosystem collapses and only the nonmutating species survives. Finally we show that when only one species mutates, group selection removes individual predators with the fastest growth rates, causing the growth rate of the species to stabilize. We explain this group selection quantitatively.
剪刀石头布游戏是许多生态系统典型的持续循环更替的一个典型例子，范围从陆地、水生到微生物生态系统。在这里，我们探讨一个剪刀石头布系统的进化，其中三个物种竞争空间。这些物种可以发生突变并改变它们相互入侵的速度。在所有物种具有相似突变率的情况下，我们观察到一场永无休止的军备竞赛，没有一个物种占上风。当只有两个物种发生突变时，它们的攻击性会无限增加，直到生态系统崩溃，只有不发生突变的物种存活下来。最后，我们表明，当只有一个物种发生突变时，群体选择会淘汰生长速度最快的个体捕食者，从而使该物种的生长速度趋于稳定。我们对这种群体选择进行了定量解释。
