Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
Physiol Rev. 2012 Oct;92(4):1651-97. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00048.2011.
This is a review of the proprioceptive senses generated as a result of our own actions. They include the senses of position and movement of our limbs and trunk, the sense of effort, the sense of force, and the sense of heaviness. Receptors involved in proprioception are located in skin, muscles, and joints. Information about limb position and movement is not generated by individual receptors, but by populations of afferents. Afferent signals generated during a movement are processed to code for endpoint position of a limb. The afferent input is referred to a central body map to determine the location of the limbs in space. Experimental phantom limbs, produced by blocking peripheral nerves, have shown that motor areas in the brain are able to generate conscious sensations of limb displacement and movement in the absence of any sensory input. In the normal limb tendon organs and possibly also muscle spindles contribute to the senses of force and heaviness. Exercise can disturb proprioception, and this has implications for musculoskeletal injuries. Proprioceptive senses, particularly of limb position and movement, deteriorate with age and are associated with an increased risk of falls in the elderly. The more recent information available on proprioception has given a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying these senses as well as providing new insight into a range of clinical conditions.
这是对我们自身行为产生的本体感觉的综述。这些感觉包括肢体和躯干的位置和运动感觉、用力感觉、力量感觉和沉重感觉。本体感觉涉及的感受器位于皮肤、肌肉和关节中。肢体位置和运动的信息不是由单个感受器产生的，而是由传入神经纤维的群体产生的。运动过程中产生的传入信号被处理，以对肢体的端点位置进行编码。传入输入被参照中枢体图，以确定肢体在空间中的位置。通过阻断外周神经产生的实验性幻肢表明，大脑中的运动区域能够在没有任何感觉输入的情况下产生对肢体位移和运动的意识感觉。在正常肢体中，腱器官，可能还有肌梭，有助于产生力和沉重的感觉。运动可以干扰本体感觉，这对肌肉骨骼损伤有影响。本体感觉，特别是肢体位置和运动感觉，会随着年龄的增长而恶化，并且与老年人跌倒的风险增加有关。关于本体感觉的最新信息，使我们对这些感觉的机制有了更好的理解，并为一系列临床情况提供了新的见解。
