Orthotopic heart transplantation for complex congenital heart disease.

Orthotopic heart transplantation has become standard therapy for end-stage cardiomyopathy in children and adults, but there has been much less experience with transplantation for complex congenital heart disease. In this report experience with orthotopic transplantation in seven children with various forms of complex congenital heart disease is reviewed. Diagnoses included hypoplastic left heart syndrome in two (after stage I palliation), left ventricular diverticulum in one, single ventricle in two (dextrocardia, atrial situs inversus, and total anomalous pulmonary venous return in one patient and post-Fontan repair in the second), D-transposition of the great arteries and ventricular septal defect (post-Senning repair and ventricular septal defect closure) in one, and Ebstein's anomaly with biventricular dysplasia in one. Six of the seven were hospital survivors and there has been one late death at 2 1/3 years. Modifications of the standard operative technique to fit the anatomic variations in these defects are reviewed.