Endo A, Sato T
Nuclear Science and Engineering Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan.
Ann ICRP. 2012 Oct-Dec;41(3-4):142-53. doi: 10.1016/j.icrp.2012.06.010. Epub 2012 Aug 22.
The radiation environment inside and near spacecraft consists of various components of primary radiation in space and secondary radiation produced by the interaction of the primary radiation with the walls and equipment of the spacecraft. Radiation fields inside astronauts are different from those outside them, because of the body's self-shielding as well as the nuclear fragmentation reactions occurring in the human body. Several computer codes have been developed to simulate the physical processes of the coupled transport of protons, high-charge and high-energy nuclei, and the secondary radiation produced in atomic and nuclear collision processes in matter. These computer codes have been used in various space radiation protection applications: shielding design for spacecraft and planetary habitats, simulation of instrument and detector responses, analysis of absorbed doses and quality factors in organs and tissues, and study of biological effects. This paper focuses on the methods and computer codes used for radiation transport calculations on cosmic radiation, and their application to the analysis of radiation fields inside spacecraft, evaluation of organ doses in the human body, and calculation of dose conversion coefficients using the reference phantoms defined in ICRP Publication 110.
航天器内部及其附近的辐射环境由空间中的各种初级辐射成分以及初级辐射与航天器壁和设备相互作用产生的次级辐射组成。宇航员体内的辐射场与体外不同，这是由于人体的自我屏蔽以及人体中发生的核裂变反应。已经开发了几种计算机代码来模拟质子、高电荷和高能核的耦合传输以及物质中原子和核碰撞过程中产生的次级辐射的物理过程。这些计算机代码已用于各种空间辐射防护应用：航天器和行星栖息地的屏蔽设计、仪器和探测器响应的模拟、器官和组织中吸收剂量和品质因数的分析以及生物效应的研究。本文重点介绍用于宇宙辐射传输计算的方法和计算机代码，以及它们在航天器内部辐射场分析、人体器官剂量评估和使用国际辐射防护委员会第110号出版物中定义的参考体模计算剂量转换系数方面的应用。
