Center for Human Experimental Therapeutics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
Mov Disord. 2013 Jan;28(1):8-13. doi: 10.1002/mds.25150. Epub 2012 Oct 24.
Parkinson's disease (PD) has no known cause. Although recent research has focused particularly on genetic causes of PD, environmental causes also play a role in developing the disease. This article reviews environmental factors that may increase the risk of PD, as well as the evidence behind those factors. Enough evidence exists to suggest that age has a causal relationship to PD. Significant evidence exists that gender, tobacco use, and caffeine consumption are also associated with the development of PD. Other environmental factors (pesticide exposure, occupation, blood urate levels, NSAID use, brain injury, and exercise) have limited or conflicting evidence of a relationship to PD. Future research must not neglect the impact of these environmental factors on the development of PD, especially with respect to potential gene-environment interactions.
帕金森病（PD）的病因尚不清楚。虽然最近的研究特别关注 PD 的遗传病因，但环境因素也在该病的发展中起作用。本文综述了可能增加 PD 风险的环境因素，以及这些因素背后的证据。有足够的证据表明，年龄与 PD 有因果关系。有重要证据表明，性别、吸烟和咖啡因摄入也与 PD 的发生有关。其他环境因素（农药暴露、职业、血尿酸水平、非甾体抗炎药使用、脑损伤和运动）与 PD 的关系证据有限或相互矛盾。未来的研究绝不能忽视这些环境因素对 PD 发展的影响，特别是要考虑到潜在的基因-环境相互作用。
