Biology Department, Faculty of Science, University of Shiraz, Iran.
Tissue Cell. 2013 Feb;45(1):61-7. doi: 10.1016/j.tice.2012.09.007. Epub 2012 Oct 30.
Anuran external gills were assessed for motility and striated muscle content in 16 species from seven families. Motility of three kinds was observed. Pulsatory movements related to heart beat rhythm were common. In embryos developing to a late stage before hatching, movements of the whole embryo were frequent, with gills rearranging as a consequence. The only clearly active movement, presumably muscle driven, was 'gill flicking', a posterior movement of the entire gill into the body either on one side only, or both together, followed by a return to the normal spread-out position. Some species may actively spread their gills when hanging from the water surface film, but we did not observe this. In some species, active gill movement developed over time, but we were not able to follow all species over such a developmental sequence. The relationship between active motility and muscle content was good in most cases. Observations on late stage embryos of the aromobatid Mannophryne trinitatis are presented for the first time. In one species, we noted spread external gills being used to adhere hatchlings to a surface.
评估了来自 7 个科的 16 种蛙类的外部鳃的运动性和横纹肌含量。观察到了三种运动形式。与心跳节律相关的搏动运动很常见。在孵化前发育到晚期的胚胎中，整个胚胎的运动很频繁，鳃随之重新排列。唯一明显的主动运动，可能是肌肉驱动的，是“鳃弹动”，整个鳃向后移动到身体的一侧或两侧，然后回到正常的展开位置。一些物种可能会在悬挂在水面薄膜时主动张开它们的鳃，但我们没有观察到这一点。在一些物种中，鳃的主动运动随着时间的推移而发展，但我们无法跟踪所有物种的整个发育序列。在大多数情况下，主动运动性和肌肉含量之间的关系很好。首次对芳香蛙科的曼诺菲尼 trinitatis 的晚期胚胎进行了观察。在一个物种中，我们注意到张开的外部鳃被用来使幼体附着在一个表面上。
