Quantitative analysis of exfoliation and aspect ratio of calcium niobate platelets.

This work employs tapping-mode AFM and dynamic light scattering (DLS) to investigate the effects of suspension composition (alkylammonium cation type, concentration) on the degree of exfoliation of a layered perovskite, calcium niobate (HCa(2)Nb(3)O(10), denoted as CNP). It is well known that in aqueous suspensions, tetrabutylammonium (TBA) cations intercalate CNP's layered structure, producing exfoliated platelets. This work shows that tetramethylammonium and tetraethylammonium cations do not produce significant levels of CNP exfoliation. However, TBA leads to complete exfoliation of CNP (>95%) in suspensions prepared with TBA:CNP ratios greater than 1:1. TGA and XRD data indicate that TBA uptake is limited by steric packing constraints. After depositing TBA-CNP platelets on mica surfaces for AFM imaging, quantitative image analysis provides the degree of exfoliation and distributions of platelet thickness, lateral size, and aspect ratio. The aspect ratio of TBA-CNP platelets has a lognormal distribution. Sedimentation of TBA-CNP suspensions under unit gravity removes unexfoliated particles from suspension, and centrifugation leads to differential sedimentation. The lateral size and aspect ratio of residual suspended TBA-CNP platelets decrease with increasing centrifugation speed. For all fractions of TBA-CNP platelets, the number-average lateral size from AFM agrees remarkably well with the effective spherical particle diameter measured by DLS.