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区分复杂生态系统中捕食者的直接和间接影响。

Distinguishing between direct and indirect effects of predators in complex ecosystems.

作者信息

O'Connor Nessa E, Emmerson Mark C, Crowe Tasman P, Donohue Ian

机构信息

School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 7BL, UK; Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.

出版信息

J Anim Ecol. 2013 Mar;82(2):438-48. doi: 10.1111/1365-2656.12001. Epub 2012 Nov 16.

Abstract
  1. Global declines in biodiversity have stimulated much research into the consequences of species loss for ecosystems and the goods and services they provide. Species at higher trophic levels are at greater risk of human-induced extinction yet remarkably little is known about the effects of consumer species loss across multiple trophic levels in natural complex ecosystems. Previous studies have been criticized for lacking experimental realism and appropriate temporal scale, running for short periods that are not sufficient to detect many of the mechanisms operating in the field. 2. We manipulated the presence of two predator species and two groups of their prey (primary consumers) and measured their independent and interactive effects on primary producers in a natural marine benthic system. The presence of predators and their prey was manipulated in the field for 14 months to distinguish clearly the direct and indirect effects of predators on primary producers and to identify mechanisms driving responses. 3. We found that the loss of either predator species had indirect negative effects on species diversity and total cover of primary producers. These cascading effects of predator species loss were mediated by the presence of intermediate consumers. Moreover, the presence of different intermediate consumers, irrespective of the presence or absence of their predators, determined primary producer assemblage structure. We identified direct negative effects of predators on their prey and several indirect effects of predators on primary producers but not all interactions could have been predicted based on trophic level. 4. Our findings demonstrate the importance of trophic cascade effects coupled with non-trophic interactions when predicting the effects of loss of predator species on primary producers and consequently for ecosystem functioning. There is a pressing need for improved understanding of the effects of loss of consumers, based on realistic scenarios of diversity loss, to test conceptual frameworks linking predator diversity to variation in ecosystem functioning and for the protection of biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and related services.
摘要
  1. 全球生物多样性的下降激发了许多关于物种丧失对生态系统及其提供的商品和服务的影响的研究。处于较高营养级的物种面临更大的人为灭绝风险,但对于自然复杂生态系统中多个营养级的消费者物种丧失的影响却知之甚少。先前的研究因缺乏实验现实性和适当的时间尺度而受到批评,这些研究持续时间较短,不足以检测出许多在野外起作用的机制。2. 我们在一个自然海洋底栖系统中操纵了两种捕食者物种及其两组猎物(初级消费者)的存在,并测量了它们对初级生产者的独立和交互影响。在野外对捕食者及其猎物的存在进行了14个月的操纵,以清楚地区分捕食者对初级生产者的直接和间接影响,并确定驱动响应的机制。3. 我们发现,任一捕食者物种的丧失对初级生产者的物种多样性和总覆盖面积都有间接的负面影响。捕食者物种丧失的这些级联效应是由中间消费者的存在介导的。此外,不同中间消费者的存在,无论其捕食者是否存在,都决定了初级生产者组合结构。我们确定了捕食者对其猎物的直接负面影响以及捕食者对初级生产者的一些间接影响,但并非所有相互作用都可以根据营养级来预测。4. 我们的研究结果表明,在预测捕食者物种丧失对初级生产者的影响进而对生态系统功能的影响时,营养级联效应与非营养相互作用的重要性。迫切需要基于现实的多样性丧失情景,更好地理解消费者丧失的影响,以检验将捕食者多样性与生态系统功能变化联系起来的概念框架,并保护生物多样性、生态系统功能及相关服务。

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