Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1710 , USA.
Environ Health Perspect. 2012 Dec;120(12):1678-83. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1204992. Epub 2012 Sep 25.
Limited data are available to assess human exposure to thousands of chemicals currently in commerce. Information that relates human intake of a chemical to its production and use can help inform understanding of mechanisms and pathways that control exposure and support efforts to protect public health.
We introduce the intake-to-production ratio (IPR) as an economy-wide quantitative indicator of the extent to which chemical production results in human exposure.
The IPR was evaluated as the ratio of two terms: aggregate rate of chemical uptake in a human population (inferred from urinary excretion data) divided by the rate that chemical is produced in or imported into that population's economy. We used biomonitoring data from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention along with chemical manufacturing data reported by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, as well as other published data, to estimate the IPR for nine chemicals in the United States. Results are reported in units of parts per million, where 1 ppm indicates 1 g of chemical uptake for every million grams of economy-wide use.
Estimated IPR values for the studied compounds span many orders of magnitude from a low of 0.6 ppm for bisphenol A to a high of > 180,000 ppm for methyl paraben. Intermediate results were obtained for five phthalates and two chlorinated aromatic compounds: 120 ppm for butyl benzyl phthalate, 670 ppm for di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, 760 ppm for di(n-butyl) phthalate, 1,040 ppm for para-dichlorobenzene, 6,800 ppm for di(isobutyl) phthalate, 7,700 ppm for diethyl phthalate, and 8,000-24,000 ppm (range) for triclosan.
The IPR is well suited as an aggregate metric of exposure intensity for characterizing population-level exposure to synthesized chemicals, particularly those that move fairly rapidly from manufacture to human intake and have relatively stable production and intake rates.
目前，评估成千上万种商业用化学品对人体的暴露情况所依据的数据十分有限。将人类接触某种化学物质的信息与其生产和使用联系起来，可以帮助人们了解控制暴露的机制和途径，并为保护公众健康提供支持。
我们引入摄入量-生产比（IPR）作为一个全面的定量指标，用于衡量化学物质的生产导致人体暴露的程度。
IPR 通过以下两个术语的比值来评估：人群中化学物质的总摄取率（根据尿液排泄数据推断得出）除以该人群经济中化学物质的生产或进口率。我们使用美国疾病控制与预防中心的生物监测数据以及美国环境保护署报告的化学制造业数据，以及其他已发表的数据，来估计美国 9 种化学物质的 IPR。结果以百万分之几（ppm）为单位报告，其中 1ppm 表示每百万克经济用途中摄取 1 克化学物质。
在所研究的化合物中，估计的 IPR 值跨越了许多数量级，从双酚 A 的低值 0.6ppm 到对羟基苯甲酸甲酯的高值>180000ppm。五种邻苯二甲酸酯和两种氯化芳烃化合物的结果处于中间水平：邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯为 120ppm，邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯为 670ppm，邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯为 760ppm，对二氯苯为 1040ppm，邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯为 6800ppm，邻苯二甲酸二乙酯为 7700ppm，三氯生为 8000-24000ppm（范围）。
IPR 非常适合作为描述人群接触合成化学物质的暴露强度的综合指标，特别是那些从制造到人体摄入过程中转移相当迅速、生产和摄入率相对稳定的化学物质。
