Measuring local gradients of intramitochondrial [Ca(2+)] in cardiac myocytes during sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) release.

RATIONALE

Mitochondrial [Ca(2+)] (Ca(2+)) regulates mitochondrial energy production, provides transient Ca(2+) buffering under stress, and can be involved in cell death. Mitochondria are near the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in cardiac myocytes, and evidence for crosstalk exists. However, quantitative measurements of Ca(2+) are limited, and spatial Ca(2+) gradients have not been directly measured.

OBJECTIVE

To directly measure local Ca(2+) during normal SR Ca release in intact myocytes, and evaluate potential subsarcomeric spatial Ca(2+) gradients.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Using the mitochondrially targeted inverse pericam indicator Mitycam, calibrated in situ, we directly measured Ca(2+) during SR Ca(2+) release in intact rabbit ventricular myocytes by confocal microscopy. During steady state pacing, ΔCa(2+) amplitude was 29±3 nmol/L, rising rapidly (similar to cytosolic free [Ca(2+)]) but declining much more slowly. Taking advantage of the structural periodicity of cardiac sarcomeres, we found that Ca(2+) near SR Ca(2+) release sites (Z-line) versus mid-sarcomere (M-line) reached a high peak amplitude (37±4 versus 26±4 nmol/L, respectively P<0.05) which occurred earlier in time. This difference was attributed to ends of mitochondria being physically closer to SR Ca(2+) release sites, because the mitochondrial Ca(2+) uniporter was homogeneously distributed, and elevated [Ca(2+)] applied laterally did not produce longitudinal Ca(2+) gradients.

CONCLUSIONS

We developed methods to measure spatiotemporal Ca(2+) gradients quantitatively during excitation-contraction coupling. The amplitude and kinetics of Ca(2+) transients differ significantly from those in the cytosol and are respectively higher and faster near the Z-line versus M-line. This approach will help clarify SR-mitochondrial Ca(2+) signaling.