ISMER, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, PO Box 3300, Rimouski, Quebec, Canada G5L 3A1.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2013 Mar;89:174-81. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.11.027. Epub 2012 Dec 27.
Atrazine (ATR) and glyphosate (GLY) are among the most widely used herbicides in Canada, yet there is relatively little information concerning their toxicity to early life stages of marine fish. The threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) reproduces in coastal habitats which receive runoff of pesticides during the summer, the peak season of herbicide use. Sticklebacks have biomarkers for effects of both estrogenic and androgenic contaminants. Stickleback adults from a clean reference site were allowed to reproduce in the laboratory and the fertilized eggs were incubated until hatching. Larval sticklebacks (<24h old) were exposed for 42 d to four concentrations (0.1, 1, 10 and 100 μg/l) of either ATR or GLY, a seawater control, a carrier (acetone) control and positive controls for estrogenic (0.05 μg/l ethinylestradiol, EE2) and androgenic (3 μg/l dihydrotestosterone, DHT) effects. The survivors were measured (length, wet weight) then conserved for biochemical (vitellogenin, VTG, and the male nest-protein spiggin, SPG) and histological (phenotypic sex determination) analyses. There were no significant effects of ATR and GLY exposures on larval survival or growth. Exposure to 3 μg DHT/l resulted in a significant effect on growth (body lengths) but did not induce SPG, possibly because of DHT degradation after the 24h solution renewal. VTG was induced after the EE2 exposure, yet neither ATR nor GLY induced production of VTG and SPG. The proportion of mixed sex individuals was higher in the positive controls compared to the negative controls. A single mixed sex individual was found in the group exposed to the lowest dose of atrazine and none in glyphosate expositions. We conclude that these herbicides do not show estrogenic or androgenic effects to early life stages of sticklebacks at environmentally realistic concentrations.
莠去津（ATR）和草甘膦（GLY）是加拿大使用最广泛的除草剂之一，但关于它们对海洋鱼类早期生活阶段的毒性的信息相对较少。三刺鱼（Gasterosteus aculeatus）在沿海栖息地繁殖，这些栖息地在夏季会接收农药径流，这是除草剂使用的高峰期。三刺鱼有雌激素和雄激素污染物效应的生物标志物。从清洁参考点采集的成年三刺鱼被允许在实验室中繁殖，受精的卵子被孵化直到孵化。幼鱼（<24 小时龄）暴露于四种浓度（0.1、1、10 和 100μg/l）的 ATR 或 GLY、海水对照、载体（丙酮）对照和雌激素（0.05μg/l 乙炔雌二醇，EE2）和雄激素（3μg/l 二氢睾酮，DHT）阳性对照 42 天。幸存者被测量（长度、湿重），然后用于生化（卵黄蛋白原，VTG 和雄性巢蛋白 spiggin，SPG）和组织学（表型性别决定）分析。ATR 和 GLY 暴露对幼鱼存活率或生长没有显著影响。暴露于 3μg DHT/l 导致生长（体长）显著影响，但未诱导 SPG，可能是因为 24 小时溶液更换后 DHT 降解。EE2 暴露后诱导 VTG，但 ATR 和 GLY 均未诱导 VTG 和 SPG 的产生。阳性对照中混合性别的个体比例高于阴性对照。在暴露于最低剂量莠去津的组中发现了一个单一的混合性个体，而在草甘膦暴露组中没有发现。我们得出结论，这些除草剂在环境现实浓度下对三刺鱼早期生活阶段没有表现出雌激素或雄激素效应。
