Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University.
Dev Psychol. 2013 Oct;49(10):1833-47. doi: 10.1037/a0031041. Epub 2012 Dec 31.
Perceived control plays an important role for health across adulthood and old age. However, little is known about the factors that account for such associations and whether changes in control (or control trajectory) uniquely predict major health outcomes over and above mean levels of control. Using data from the nationwide Americans' Changing Lives Study (House et al., 1990; N = 2,840, M age at T2: 56.32 years, range: 28-99, 64% women), we examined the extent to which mean levels and rates of change in perceived control over 16 years predict all-cause mortality over a 19-year follow-up period. Shared growth-survival models revealed that higher levels of and more positive changes in perceived control were associated with longer survival times, independent of sociodemographic correlates. We found that level effects of control were accounted for by well-being and health factors, whereas the change effects of control were not. Analyses also indicated an age-differential pattern, with the predictive effects of both levels and trajectories of control declining in old age. We discuss possible pathways through which perceived control operates to facilitate key health outcomes and consider how their malleability and effectiveness may change with increasing age.
控制感在成年和老年时期对健康起着重要作用。然而，人们对控制感的关联因素知之甚少，也不知道控制感的变化（或控制轨迹）是否能独特地预测主要健康结果，而不仅仅是控制感的平均水平。我们使用了来自全美生活变化研究（House 等人，1990 年；N=2840，T2 时的平均年龄：56.32 岁，范围：28-99，64%为女性）的数据，研究了 16 年内控制感的平均水平和变化率在 19 年的随访期间对全因死亡率的预测程度。共享增长-生存模型显示，控制感的水平越高，变化越积极，与生存时间的延长有关，独立于社会人口学相关因素。我们发现，控制感的水平效应由幸福感和健康因素来解释，而控制感的变化效应则不是。分析还表明存在年龄差异模式，控制感的水平和轨迹的预测效应在老年时下降。我们讨论了控制感发挥作用的可能途径，以促进关键的健康结果，并考虑其可塑性和有效性如何随着年龄的增长而变化。
