Talavera Juan O, Rivas-Ruiz Rodolfo
Centro de Adiestramiento en Investigación Clínica, Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Distrito Federal, México.
Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc. 2012 Sep-Oct;50(5):505-10.
The case-control design like the historical cohort carries a number of potential biases as a consequence of the reconstruction of events once the outcome has occurred, and as a consequence of the bias generated by the selection of the control group. This design is characterized by a number of cases (cases), for which we identify a comparison group (controls). It begins at the outcome in direction to the probable cause; therefore, it requires reconstructing events in the opposite direction as it occurs in the phenomenon of causality. However, we must always keep in mind the architectural design, and consider in each section--baseline, maneuver and outcome--characteristics that allow us to demonstrate the effect of the maneuver, avoiding improper assembly, susceptibility, performance and detection bias. The transfer bias can only be controlled with the provision of a defined population, whether it is a population based case-control study or a case-control study nested in a cohort. When a defined population is not possible, this design is only recommended in rare diseases.
与历史性队列研究一样，病例对照设计存在一些潜在偏倚，这是由于在结果发生后对事件进行重建所致，也是由于对照组选择所产生的偏倚所致。这种设计的特点是有一定数量的病例（病例组），我们为其确定一个比较组（对照组）。它从结果出发向可能的原因追溯；因此，它需要与因果现象中发生的方向相反地重建事件。然而，我们必须始终牢记设计架构，并在每个部分——基线、操作和结果——考虑那些能让我们证明操作效果的特征，避免不恰当的组合、易感性、实施和检测偏倚。只有通过提供一个明确界定的人群，才能控制转移偏倚，无论是基于人群的病例对照研究还是嵌套在队列中的病例对照研究。当无法确定明确界定的人群时，这种设计仅在罕见病研究中推荐使用。
