Harmata Alan R, Restani Marco
Ecology Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA.
J Wildl Dis. 2013 Jan;49(1):114-24. doi: 10.7589/2012-01-004.
Lead-based rifle bullets, used in game hunting and recreational shooting, fragment when striking bone and soft tissues. Lead fragments may be ingested by birds scavenging offal piles or nonretrieved carcasses and therefore pose a poisoning risk. We captured and sampled 74 Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in southwestern Montana, USA, from 2008 to 2010 to evaluate levels of lead, mercury, selenium, and 13 other trace elements in blood and feathers. Lead was detected in blood of most (97%, n=70) eagles; mean blood level was 0.26 parts per million (ppm). Most eagles (65%) had background levels (<0.2 ppm), 29% had elevated levels (0.2-0.5 ppm), 13% had chronic levels (0.51-1.0 ppm), and 3% had acute levels (>1.0 ppm) in blood. Lead in blood decreased from winter to spring. Resident eagles had higher lead levels than eagles of unknown residency. Mercury was detected in few eagles, whereas selenium was detected in all, but at a low level (0.36 ppm). Other chemical elements in blood were at low or biologically appropriate levels. Lead in feathers (n=29) was correlated with blood lead (P=0.010), as was mercury in blood and feathers (n=48; P=0.003). Concentrations of lead and mercury in feathers were higher in adults than in juveniles and immatures (P<0.016) and both elements tended to increase with age. Selenium in feathers (n=48) appeared stable across plumage classes. Although detection rates of lead in blood of eagles captured in spring increased from 1985-1993 to 2008-2010, mean levels decreased (P<0.023) between periods, as did proportions of eagles exhibiting above background levels (>0.2 ppm; P<0.02).
用于狩猎和休闲射击的含铅步枪子弹在击中骨骼和软组织时会破碎。铅碎片可能会被 scavenging offal piles 或未找回的尸体的鸟类摄入，因此存在中毒风险。2008年至2010年，我们在美国蒙大拿州西南部捕获并采集了74只金雕（Aquila chrysaetos）的样本，以评估血液和羽毛中铅、汞、硒以及其他13种微量元素的含量。大多数（97%，n = 70）金雕的血液中检测到了铅；平均血液水平为百万分之0.26（ppm）。大多数金雕（65%）的血液铅含量处于背景水平（<0.2 ppm），29%的金雕血液铅含量升高（0.2 - 0.5 ppm），13%的金雕血液铅含量处于慢性水平（0.51 - 1.0 ppm），3%的金雕血液铅含量处于急性水平（>1.0 ppm）。血液中的铅含量从冬季到春季有所下降。留居金雕的铅含量高于居留情况不明的金雕。很少有金雕检测到汞，而所有金雕都检测到了硒，但含量较低（0.36 ppm）。血液中的其他化学元素含量较低或处于生物学适宜水平。羽毛中的铅（n = 29）与血液中的铅相关（P = 0.010），血液和羽毛中的汞（n = 48；P = 0.003）也是如此。成年金雕羽毛中的铅和汞浓度高于幼年和未成熟金雕（P < 0.016），且这两种元素的浓度都倾向于随着年龄增长而增加。羽毛中的硒（n = 48）在不同羽毛类别中似乎保持稳定。尽管1985 - 1993年至2008 - 2010年春季捕获的金雕血液中铅的检出率有所增加，但两个时期之间的平均水平有所下降（P < 0.023），血液铅含量高于背景水平（>0.2 ppm）的金雕比例也有所下降（P < 0.02）。 （注：scavenging offal piles 这里原文可能有误，推测可能是 scavenging offal 之类表述，但不影响整体理解和翻译）
