Department of Psychology, University of Texas-Pan American, 1201W. University Drive, Edinburg, TX 78541, USA.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013 Mar;37(3):340-8. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.01.002. Epub 2013 Jan 10.
Early localizationists linked anterior cingulate cortex (ACC: Brodmann's area 24 and adjacent regions) with emotional behavior, paving the way for bilateral cingulotomy psychosurgery in severe, treatment resistant, cases of obsessive-compulsive disorder, chronic pain, depression, and substance abuse. Neuropsychological follow-up of such cases demonstrated executive function impairment. Abnormal neuroimaged activity in ACC has been found in many psychiatric conditions, including obsessive-compulsive disorder, chronic pain, substance abuse, and schizophrenia. With healthy participants, increased neuroimaged activity in ACC has been linked with challenging executive function tasks, homeostatically incongruous physical states, and the encoding of the pleasant/averseness of stimuli. There is disagreement on the cortical substrate subsumed by the term ACC, the existence of functionally distinct ACC subregions (e.g., dorsal: cognitive vs. ventral: emotion), and the interpretation of functional neuroimaging studies. Synthesis of neuropsychological and functional neuroimaging studies suggests ACC contributes to behavior by modifying responses especially in reaction to challenging cognitive and physical states that require additional effortful cognitive control. This is accomplished by monitoring the emotional salience of stimuli, exerting control over the autonomic nervous system, and modulating cognitive activity.
早期的定位主义者将前扣带皮层（ACC：布罗德曼区域 24 及其相邻区域）与情绪行为联系起来，为严重、治疗抵抗的强迫症、慢性疼痛、抑郁和物质滥用患者的双侧扣带回切开术精神外科铺平了道路。对这些病例的神经心理学随访表明存在执行功能障碍。在许多精神疾病中，包括强迫症、慢性疼痛、物质滥用和精神分裂症，都发现了 ACC 中异常的神经影像学活动。在健康参与者中，ACC 中增加的神经影像学活动与具有挑战性的执行功能任务、与体内平衡不一致的身体状态以及刺激的愉悦/厌恶的编码有关。关于术语 ACC 所包含的皮质基底、功能上不同的 ACC 亚区（例如，背侧：认知与腹侧：情绪）的存在以及功能神经影像学研究的解释存在分歧。神经心理学和功能神经影像学研究的综合表明，ACC 通过改变反应来促进行为，尤其是在需要额外努力的认知和身体状态下，需要额外的认知控制。这是通过监测刺激的情绪显著性、对自主神经系统施加控制以及调节认知活动来实现的。
