Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
Am J Primatol. 2013 May;75(5):464-77. doi: 10.1002/ajp.22123. Epub 2013 Jan 16.
In this study, we examine how high-altitude ecology and anthropogenic edges relate to the density and distribution of pygmy tarsiers. Pygmy tarsiers (Tarsius pumilus) are extremely small-bodied primates (55 g) that are endemic to high-altitude forest and exhibit several differences from lowland Sulawesian tarsier species. From June to September 2010 and January to March 2012, we conducted a population census of pygmy tarsiers across multiple altitudes. Sampling took place within a 1.2 km(2) area encompassing altitudes of 2,000-2,300 m a.s.l. on Mt. Rore Katimbu in Lore Lindu National Park, central Sulawesi, Indonesia. We observed 22 individuals, with an estimated population density of 92 individuals per 100 ha. These results indicate that pygmy tarsiers live at a lower density than lowland Sulawesian tarsier species. Lower density was associated with decreased resources at higher altitudes, including decreased tree size, tree density, and insect biomass. Within the sample area, we found pygmy tarsiers in only 8 of 24 (33%) quadrats, suggesting a nonrandom distribution that probably overinflated this population density estimate. Pygmy tarsiers exhibited a clumped distribution near anthropogenic edges that were associated with increased insect abundance and biomass. Airborne insects were more abundant along forest edges than within the forest interior, and pygmy tarsiers were observed to forage along edges where there was a higher abundance of Lepidoptera and Orthoptera. Tarsiers may mitigate the decreased availability of insects at high altitudes by adjusting their ranging patterns to remain near forest edges.
在这项研究中，我们研究了高海拔生态和人为边缘与侏儒狐猴的密度和分布之间的关系。侏儒狐猴（Tarsius pumilus）是一种体型极小的灵长类动物（55 克），它们是高海拔森林的特有种，与低地苏拉威西狐猴物种有几个不同之处。2010 年 6 月至 9 月和 2012 年 1 月至 3 月，我们在印度尼西亚中苏拉威西的洛雷林都国家公园的罗雷卡蒂姆布山（Mt. Rore Katimbu）进行了多个海拔高度的侏儒狐猴种群普查。采样在 1.2 平方公里的区域内进行，涵盖了 2000-2300 米的海拔高度。我们观察到 22 只个体，估计种群密度为每 100 公顷 92 只。这些结果表明，侏儒狐猴的密度低于低地苏拉威西狐猴物种。在较高的海拔地区，资源减少导致密度降低，包括树木大小、密度和昆虫生物量减少。在样本区域内，我们只在 24 个 400 米×400 米样方中的 8 个（33%）中发现了侏儒狐猴，这表明存在非随机分布，可能高估了这个种群密度估计。侏儒狐猴在靠近人为边缘的地方呈聚集分布，这些边缘与昆虫丰度和生物量的增加有关。空气中的昆虫在森林边缘比在森林内部更为丰富，而侏儒狐猴则被观察到在鳞翅目和直翅目昆虫丰度较高的边缘觅食。狐猴可能通过调整其活动范围以靠近森林边缘来弥补高海拔地区昆虫数量减少的问题。
